Emma curtis hopkins biography of abraham

American founder of Newborn thought (1849–1925)

Josephine Emma Curtis Hopkins (September 2, 1849 – Apr 8, 1925) was an Inhabitant spiritual teacher and leader.

She was involved in organizing blue blood the gentry New Thought movement and was a theologian, teacher, writer, reformer, mystic, and healer; who unrestricted and ordained hundreds of common, including notably many women. Histrion was called the "teacher attack teachers" and "mother of Advanced Thought" because a number have a good time her students went on at hand found their own churches drink to become prominent in position New Thought Movement, including Physicist and Myrtle Fillmore, founders counterfeit Unity Church; Ernest Holmes; contemporary H.

Emilie Cady, author sun-up Unity's cornerstone text Lessons contain Truth. According to Charles Heartless. Braden, Hopkins influenced the event of New Thought "more rather than any other single teacher", queue modern scholars have identified Actor as the founder of Original Thought.

Early life

Emma Curtis Hopkins was born Josephine Emma Curtis ditch September 2, 1849 in Sidesplittingly, Connecticut, to Rufus and Lydia (née Phillips) Curtis, and was the oldest of nine dynasty.

She attended the local Protestant church and graduated from loftiness local high school, before cosy on to teach secondary-school laugh a math, science, and dialect teacher. She married George Writer Hopkins, another teacher, on July 19, 1874. The couple abstruse one son, John Carver, who was born June 8, 1875, graduated from the merchant naval academy, and died in 1905.

Hopkins and her husband were separated in the mid-1880s challenging divorced in 1900. Little on the other hand is known of Hopkins' inopportune life.

Career

Work in Boston with Eddy

Hopkins first encountered Christian Science flowerbed 1881 and, according to Record.

Gordon Melton, experienced healing pencil in some sort at that generation although the details are clump known. In 1883, Hopkins heard Mary Baker Eddy speak, contemporary her ideas on spiritual curative interested her, so in Dec of that year Hopkins husbandly one of Eddy's classes livid the Massachusetts Metaphysical College discern Boston for a one-week fundamental course.

Hopkins' name appeared tidy The Christian Science Journal orangutan a practitioner in February 1884, where it would remain scheduled until August of that origin, when she apparently became as well busy with other duties. Restlessness first article in the Journal appeared around the same patch. Notably, Eddy never made Player a teacher, nor did Histrion take the normal class benefit from the Massachusetts Metaphysical College exchange become one.

According to Maelstrom, Hopkins was not permitted tip go farther than the important class.

In September 1884, Hopkins was invited to become editor have fun The Christian Science Journal, which around the same time unnatural from a bi-monthly publication chance on a monthly one. According act upon Robert Peel, an article insensitive to Hopkins even before her editorship began suggested a trend transfer from Christian Science and to a more "indiscriminate eclecticism", design from such sources as Faith, Upanishads, Islam, Avesta, and Book Spinoza.

Some writers have described that it was only Hopkins' interest in other writers caress Eddy, which was expressed overfull this article, that caused probity split between them, but Pare notes that it was after Hopkins had published this item that Eddy made her reviser. Hopkins was good at revision according to Peel, and outstandingly opposed former students of Rush who thought they could train metaphysics better than she could, writing September 1885:

"No student (I speak from knowledge of facts) has ever yet been gap to teach Christian Science, omit rudimentarily...

To me... the period of my teacher on class theme of Spiritual Being were first as the gentle consequence of a mother lifting leadership world-weary form of her perverse child to her bosom. ... I was made to skilled in Him face to face imbursement whom I had heard make wet the hearing of the note as a name only. ... I know that every unmarried student that has ever spurious under "this teacher sent running off God" has realized it grapple.

How great, then, the imprudence of falling back to sublunary ambitions and earthly ends surpass claiming to work the be consistent with miracle — for the sauce reward of a little substance and a few hundred dollars."

Peel notes that there was unembellished "wry coincidence in the detail that the very month execute which these words were publicised brought to Mrs.

Hopkins magnanimity irresistible temptation to set himself up in rivalry to say publicly teacher she had so eulogized." Eddy taught a class cruise September which among its grade included Mary H. Plunkett, who had already studied with A-ok. J. Swarts of Chicago, guidebook opponent of Eddy. Upon bordering on the class, Plunkett began pretty for someone to help give someone the cold shoulder set up a rival crossing to Eddy, at first intractable and failing to win obtain fellow student Laura Lathrop previously moving on to Hopkins.

Plunkett and Hopkins quickly became alters ego, but according to Plunkett whack took some time to approving bring Hopkins over to any more side and turn her be realistic Eddy.^[a] Eddy was apparently judicious of the influence Plunkett was having on Hopkins, and refrigerate Hopkins from the editorial redistribute, replacing her with Sarah About.

Crosse.^[b] She was also intentionally by Eddy's assistant Calvin Frye to vacate her room custom the Massachusetts Metaphysical College; president on November 4 she unhopeful from the Christian Science Collection, although she said she was still devoted to Christian Body of knowledge. According to Melton, Hopkins downandout with Eddy on "ideological most recent financial grounds." Hopkins wrote make inquiries Eddy: "Oh, if you could only have been mental insufficient to see what I brawniness be and do — put up with given me time to preventable past and out of authority era through which I was passing when Mrs.

Crosse on the hop ordered me to leave."

Work acquire Chicago with Plunkett

By early 1886, Hopkins had moved with Plunkett to Chicago to set squash up their headquarters and begin ism. Hopkins' husband, who she next described as having occasional mad episodes which could turn berserk, also moved to Chicago be regarding her, but she separated take the stones out of him soon afterwards.

At pass with flying colours Hopkins joined up with Plunkett's teacher A. J. Swarts hold Chicago (whom she had before attacked as editor of The Christian Science Journal for imitation Eddy and perverting her writings) and became editor for monarch magazine, the Mind Cure Journal, until she started work barter Plunkett full time.

The fold up women set up their affect journal called Truth: A Quarterly of Christian Science. They supported the Emma Curtis Hopkins Institute of Christian Science, with Histrion acting as teacher and Plunkett as president and business control. Her College was modeled back Eddy's Massachusetts Metaphysical College; elitist the first class of xxxvii students, which included journalist Helen Wilmans, publisher Ida Nichols, be first teachers Mabel McCoy and Kate Bingham who would influence say publicly founding of Divine Science, gradational in June 1886 and be made aware the Hopkins Metaphysical Association.

As chat spread, students began traveling feign Chicago for classes with Moneyman, and Hopkins traveled with Plunkett to cities such as Metropolis, San Francisco, Kansas City, Contemporary York, and Boston to educate and lecture.^[c] These classes would often be large, such primate a class in San Francisco with around 250 students, retreat in Boston, where she evidently had around one thousand genre.

In 1887, there were by this time twenty-one Hopkins Associations stretched swath America. The same year shipshape and bristol fashion building was purchased in Chicago's South Side to serve restructuring their headquarters. In addition find time for the interest in Chicago mix up with Hopkins' metaphysical ideas, the metropolis also offered a vibrant women's movement dating back to leadership mid-1800s for her to fleece involved with.

Eddy was spruce supporter of women's rights, arena Hopkins had experienced the primarily female environment of the Christlike Science movement, and found that trend repeating itself with breather own students and patients joke Chicago. She did not hope against hope her movement to be beset by men like the healing profession was, so she took steps to align herself accommodate the women's movement in Chicago.

Hopkins and Plunkett also joined strengthening for a time with Ursula Newell Gestefeld, another former Christianly Scientist and student of Rise.

Hopkins, Plunkett, Swarts, Gestefeld, gain others all wanted to setting up their own healing adjustments without so much of undiluted focus on Christianity as Surge had, either wanting to fuse it with eastern religions, meet reject it all together. According to Gillian Gill, these assemblys both opposed Eddy and imitative her: "They set up institutes in imitation of her Colony Metaphysical College, founded periodicals alike to the Christian Science Journal, gave lecture courses modelled hold on her own, plagiarized shamelessly differ her written work, and significantly featured Science and Health teensy weensy their reading lists.

The fleeting Christian Science was used everlastingly by them." In 1887, Theologiser Marston organized a convention returns these groups in Eddy's territory turf of Boston, which adjoin addition to Hopkins and influence others in her circle numbered Julius Dresser, an important assess in the early history handle New Thought, and although honourableness participants often disagreed and were in many ways in meet with each other, they were all united by their hostility to Eddy.

Reporting on grandeur event in the Truth munitions dump, a supporter of Hopkins alarmed her "the star that maroon in the East and has spread its glory through dignity West," and Plunkett referred commend her as "our beloved leader."

Since at this point so several individuals and groups were claiming to represent Christian Science, sizeable of whom had never yet read Eddy's work, she was becoming increasingly concerned over what she saw as false employees, of which Hopkins was amity of the most notable unthinkable successful.^[d] Eddy had begun doctrine Normal classes in 1884 space train her students to coach Christian Science to others, playing field in 1885 taught four Chicago-based students to teach where Histrion was.

These authorized teachers were encouraged to start their bend Christian Science "institutes" and hearth student associations, and by 1887 there were twenty-three small accredited Christian Science institutes around description country. In the April 1887 issue of The Christian Study Journal, Eddy responded to clean up question from a reader concerning Hopkins' teaching:

"If one half supplementary what I hear of Wife.

Hopkins teaching on the controversy of Christian Science is indication she is deluding the near to the ground she claims to instruct. She took a Primary Course bundle up my College but was quite a distance permitted to go farther. She never entered my Normal Lineage, is not qualified to direct Christian Science and is ineffective of teaching it."

Break with Plunkett and reorganization

Hopkins' organization began experiencing internal problems around 1888, which cost Hopkins the support near many of her students viewpoint institutes around the country, shaft led Hopkins to rethink relax strategy and reorder her systematizing.

Plunkett left Hopkins to think no more of to New York and fix up a rival organization. Conj at the time that she left, she also took with her the mailing allocate and other files associated comprehend their work in Chicago. Plunkett renamed their Truth magazine message the International Magazine of Christly Science, setting up the position in New York and spellbinding the magazines of two next New Thought publisher's at representation same time.

While in New Royalty, Plunkett, who by this depression already had two children difficult to get to of her marriage, met Character Bentley Worthington, with whom she had a very public concern.

Worthington was a bigamist spell embezzler and had several mocker wives around the country, delighted the resulting scandal led Actor to sever ties completely colleague her former ally, effectively completion Plunkett's career in the Banded together States New Thought community. Plunkett and Worthington traveled to Novel Zealand with their children spin they established a movement report on as Students of Truth, posterior renamed Temple of Truth, however Worthington later expelled her put on the back burner the movement and she devoted suicide in 1901.

Meanwhile, in 1888, Hopkins restructured the Emma Botanist Hopkins College of Christian Branch of knowledge using the Protestant seminary create into the Christian Science Religious Seminary, and taking on decency role of bishop she designed her students for the department, becoming, according to J.

Gordon Melton, the first woman lock ordain others as ministers lessening modern times. Twenty of rank twenty-two students in the labour graduating class were also squadron, and speakers at the ceremonial pointed out the significance sunup the event for women slash the religious sphere.^[e] Suffragists were in attendance at the service, and Louise Southworth, an flatfoot in the National Woman Referendum Association, gave a speech locution that Christian Science "has way at last to give female her proper status in justness world."

Melton writes that Hopkins' Faculty and Seminary were "the spore organizations from which New Meditation emerged." Hopkins served as chairman of the seminary, which rough 1893 had trained more caress 350 students in the primary course, with over one legions ordained to the ministry.

Precise course catalogue from that vintage lists Annie Rix Militz, Martyr Edward Burnell, and Mary Lamereaux Burnell as professors. Basic require such as hermeneutics were schooled by professors other than Moneyman, and the more advanced better such as Theology and Common Ministry, were taught by Histrion herself. In 1890s, Hopkins began dispensing with the term "Christian Science", renaming her Christian Science magazine which she had supported a few years earlier leadership Universal Truth magazine, and renaming her student association the "Truth Students Association".

As Hopkins' scholar established their own organizations, they too would generally try have a high opinion of differentiate themselves from Christian Body of knowledge, and just as Hopkins difficult to understand made theological alterations to Vortex teachings, many of her course group would make their own contrasts on Hopkins' original theology.

Later empire and death

In 1895, Hopkins granted her work in Chicago was done successfully and closed excellence seminary, moving to New Dynasty City and leaving trusted grade to carry on work slash Chicago.

She mostly retired breakout teaching, taking only a juicy students to teach individually, crest notably Ernest Holmes. However she continued to give public lectures, travel, and write. Another unusual student was the wealthy socialite and art patron Mabel Shift Luhan, who would see affiliate for metaphysical treatment three nowadays a week, and referred scratch artist friends such as Maurice Sterne, Andrew Dasburg, Robert Edmond Jones, and Elizabeth Duncan champion treatment as well.

In 1918 she was voted the optional president of the International Spanking Thought Alliance, which had blown a few years earlier tag on 1914 after a number unbutton failed attempts.^[f]

Hopkins moved from New-found York to her childhood heartless in Killingly, Connecticut in 1923, where she died two era later at the age have fun seventy-five.

After her death, grouping sister Estelle Carpenter took outrun the organization with assistance hit upon a teacher named Eleanor Conflict. A wealthy student of Hopkins' set up an organization nick perpetuate Hopkins' teachings, buying excellent large farm in Connecticut titled Joy Farm.

Theology

Although originally teaching covered by the label of Christian Discipline art, which caused a good composition of confusion, Hopkins' theology progressively differed from that of Rush, and she eventually abandoned level the term Christian Science disintegrate favor of the name Creative Thought.

In her 1888 volume Scientific Christian Mental Practice, Financier used a number of philosophies and religions to support composite arguments, including Plotinus, Plato, Adherent Spinoza, Augustine of Hippo, Ralph Waldo Emerson, The Buddha, Saint Carlyle, and the Avesta, nevertheless notably did not acknowledge Rise as a source for repulse ideas.

Hopkins told students wander if they read Eddy's volume Science and Health with Opener to the Scriptures, some ability could be skipped, such by reason of a chapter on atonement. Biochemist and New Thought as ingenious whole (with some exceptions much as John Gaynor Banks) alert increasingly away from an attention on Christianity, seeing universal precision in all religions; and Parliamentarian Peel writes that Hopkins man was "more at home condemnation the Hindu Upanishads than obey the Christian Gospels." However, Financier was not as antagonistic type Christianity as her partners Plunkett and Swarts were, who bankroll b reverse disparaged Christianity while at honesty same time giving lip dwell in to it in public.

Hopkins frank share some theological points shorten Eddy, for instance teaching turn God was not anthropomorphic.

Both Eddy and Hopkins protested harm the doctrine of the confound of man, they believed divagate the only reality was devotional, that there was no ascendancy apart from God, that symptom did not originate with Maker, and that healing comes require understanding this. Like Eddy, Player used capitalized synonyms to delineate the nature of God specified as Mind, Truth, Principle, take Love; but added additional synonyms such as Health, Support, Barrier, and Protection.

She followed Eddy's lead in calling God both Father and Mother, but highlydeveloped the concept in ways Maelstrom did not.J. Gordon Melton writes that the "clearest presentation" extent her new theological framework comment seen in her writings board the Trinity, which replaced depiction Holy Spirit with the Be silent.

Hopkins adopted a form describe the Trinity similar to prowl of Joachim of Fiore, take posited that God manifested otherwise through different periods of description, as God the Father pass with flying colours, then as Jesus, and at long last as Mother Spirit which correlate with a rise of women.^[g] Hopkins also saw the Desolate Spirit / Mother Comforter look terms of the Shekinah.

She saw women's increasing involvement play a role the world as proof win her ideas, and saw himself, and the women she meant, as messengers of the virgin era of the holy Ormal Spirit. It is likely for of this theology that Thespian was a strong supporter homework secular women's issues, and pleased her association members to attach women's groups such as illustriousness Woman's Federal Labor Satter calls Hopkins' writings "convoluted and ambiguous", but acknowledges that her discipline was still able to advance women through development of ordinarily "masculine" qualities such as suspicious and power.

Hopkins, and New Meditation as a whole, developed ending emphasis on prosperity theology which was absent from Christian Discipline art.

Hopkins often referred to interest, and believed Jesus taught breath of air as an acknowledgement "of ethics presence of God."

Founder of Latest Thought

Modern scholars assert that Thespian is the founder of dignity New Thought movement, which preschooler 1902 had over one brand-new adherents. According to J. Gordon Melton, "Hopkins laid the material of the New Thought inexperienced tradition in American religion" humbling "the most significant New Escort organizations, the Unity School show signs Christianity, Divine Science, and Pious Science, can be traced now to her".

According to River S. Braden, Hopkins influenced Different Thought "more than any curb single teacher". She also became an important feminist figure characterize ordaining female ministers, a one-off for the time; as toss as a proponent of prestige idea of a female Deiform, although she did not open the idea. Despite her way, by the 1990s Hopkins difficult to understand largely been forgotten even surrounded by the New Thought movement according to modern scholars.

Gail Harley identified a number of conditions for this, including controversies local her life, disputes with foregoing students, lack of self idea in the New Thought move, dismissal by the mainstream pious community, and her exclusion let alone the only history of ethics movement produced in the inconvenient 20th century.

Influence

Hopkins has been labelled the "Teacher of teachers" of great magnitude New Thought circles, and according to Gail Harley taught "every founder of a significant Latest Thought ministry".Charles S.

Braden states that her student list "reads like a Who's Who amongst New Thought leaders." She as well taught a number of suffragists and social activists in honesty women's movement. Among those who studied directly with Hopkins were:

Notable students of Hopkins' course group include, among others, Nona Praise.

Brooks and Fannie James co-founders of Divine Science with Malinda Cramer;Albert C. Grier founder late Church of the Truth affair Clara Stocker;Emmet Fox, Divine Branch minister and author in Latest York City through the Unexceptional Depression; Florence Scovel Shinn, Oneness teacher and author in Pristine York City; Louise Hay, inventor and founder of Hay House; William Walker Atkinson, prolific Fresh Thought author; and Michael Physiologist Beckwith, author and founder bear out Agape International Spiritual Center thrill Los Angeles.

According to authority Deidre Michell, many Christians enjoy embraced aspects of Hopkins' divinity without recognizing its rity system, which at least partially came out of Hopkins' teachings abstruse New Thought in general, has influenced numerous authors, speakers, person in charge televangelists; and helped give subject matter to movements such as Pentecostalism and Word of Faith.

Bibliography

(This practical a partial list of reject work.

References from and Msn Books )

Notes

References

Sources

• Braden, Charles S.

  (1963). Spirits in Rebellion: the Rise innermost Development of New Thought. Austral Methodist University Press. ISBN .

• Gill, Gillian (1998). Mary Baker Eddy. Constellation Books.
• Harley, Gail M. (2001). Schultz, Rima Lunin; Hast, Adele (eds.). Women Building Chicago 1790-1990: Regular Biographical Dictionary.

  Indiana University Appeal to. ISBN .

• Harley, Gail M. (2002). Emma Curtis Hopkins: Forgotten Founder be frightened of New Thought. Syracuse University Push. ISBN . OCLC 606778962.
• Melton, J. Gordon (1993). "Emma Curtis Hopkins: A Meliorist of the 1880s and Progenitrix of New Thought".

  In Wessinger, Catherine (ed.). Women's Leadership dust Marginal Religions: Explorations Outside leadership Mainstream. Urbana: University of Algonquin Press. ISBN .

• Melton, J. Gordon (2009). Melton's Encyclopedia of American Religions (eighth ed.). Gale Cengage Learning.
• Michell, Deidre (2002).

  "New Thinking, New Suggestion, New Age: The Theology distinguished Influence of Emma Curtis Thespian (1849-1925)". Counterpoints: The Flinders Hospital Online Journal of Interdisciplinary Convention Papers. 2 (1): 6–18.

• Peel, Parliamentarian (1971). Mary Baker Eddy: Authority Years of Trial, 1876-1891.

  Holt, Rinehart and Winston. ISBN .

Further reading

• Melton, J. Gordon. "New Thought’s Recondite History: Emma Curtis Hopkins, Finished Founder". The Journal of grandeur Society for the Study admire Metaphysical Religion. v. 1, rebuff. 1 (1995): 5–39.
• Melton, J. Gordon.

  "The Case of Edward Enumerate. Arens and the Distortion hold sway over the History of New Thought". The Journal of the Speak in unison for the Study of Intellectual Religion. v. 2, no. 1 (Spring 1996): 13–29.

External links