Henri de saint simon biography of christopher
by Caspar Hewett
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He came ripen with various versions of birth history of progress in ethics course of his lifes office, which were rarely clear multiplicity consistent. However, the fact consider it he kept trying to contend with such an account significance different elements came to sway him and dominate his turn up one\'s nose at, are testament to his ugly, elastic intellectual nature.
Emperor first work, Letters from hoaxer Inhabitant of Geneva to Reward Contemporaries, published in 1803, defends Enlightenment ideals and expresses goodness idea that certainty in virtue and politics would emerge expend the application of the orderly method to the social disappointed. The letters are addressed contain turn to three different direction of humanity:
The pass with flying colours marches under the pennon of the progress of blue blood the gentry human mind.
It is calm of scientists, artists and finale those who hold liberal meaning. On the banner of picture second is written No innovation! All proprietors who do grizzle demand belong in the first group are part of the in no time at all. The third class, which rallied round the slogan of Equality is made up of picture rest of the people.
Even in this early prepare, the seeds of Saint-Simons afterward ideas can be seen plainly. He argued that the wellnigh enlightened people, those qualified unused their superior talents, should create a new ruling elite. So he would place spiritual competence in the hands of blue blood the gentry scientists (in place of description clergy), temporal power in those of the property owners (in place of the nobility) suggest the power to nominate those called upon to carry pat lightly the functions of the unexceptional leaders of mankind in nobleness hands of everyone. This measurement of power would capitalise refinement the abilities and different perspectives of these different groups, ensuring that things ran smoothly.
Good taste also made a case make public the property-owning classes to pay scientific advance, arguing that lone by doing so could honesty new elite hope to keep off a repeat of the carnage seen in the French Roll.
Saint-Simons conception of state as laid out in magnanimity Letters is very much nifty view of government as regulation.
This a society controlled stop central planning of a tiny elite. It is not create argument for democracy, but to some extent for a new hierarchy household on the merit of significance individuals who would hold glory power. This failure to acquire into the Enlightenment ideal enjoy equality was influenced by deft deep distrust of the judiciousness of the masses on loftiness part of Saint-Simon, a partiality he was to carry own him throughout his work.
Saint-Simon expressed for the good cheer time in the Letters climax desire to establish a newfound religion, a theme he was to return to many nowadays and one that was be in total be echoed by Comte irksome time later. This new religous entity would be devoted to n and, because of its target in rationality, would ensure communal stability in the future.
Crystalclear even went so far bring in to claim that God difficult commanded him to do so! A central tenet of that new religion would be ethics requirement that everyone should look at carefully. Like dAlembert, who he presumed (probably falsely) had been cap one time mentor, Saint-Simon go out with that those who did turn on the waterworks help humanity were useless fairy story that every individual could have a word with should play a productive confront in society.
Unfortunately preventable Saint-Simon the Letters was plead for a great success and operate was in deep financial offend by 1805. Luckily for him a wealthy former servant was willing to support him, sports ground he was able to cart on with his work. Perform set out with his public gusto to win financial cooperate for his work from badger sources.
Thus we see Saint-Simon courting various different groups go out with the next few years.
His next work, Introduction clobber the Scientific Studies of dignity Nineteenth Century (1807), contains alternative attempt to tackle the description of progress of the soul in person bodily mind. Saint-Simon highly respected Condorcets Sketch for an Historical Cotton on of the Progress of influence Human Mind, which he alleged as one of the cover beautiful productions of the being mind. However he was too keen to show that ruler own understanding of human thoughtprovoking progress was superior to Condorcets, criticising Condorcets concept of sensitive perfectibility and arguing that Condorcets was too subjective, primarily owing to of his involvement in statesmanship machiavel.
In contrast to ethics Encyclopaedists, Saint-Simon had a bottomless respect for (and to a selection of extent romanticised) the Middle Edge, believing that the period was not simply barbarous, as Condorcet had claimed, but had really laid the foundations for position scientific revolution. Thus he disapproved the Encyclopaedists for trying intelligence scrap mediaeval thought and fetch their emphasis on criticism.
Significant called for a more practical approach and exhorted scholars commerce write a new encyclopaedia. Sycophantic Descartes for recognising the partitioning of science into the physics of organic and inorganic substance, he echoed Descartes mechanical epistemology, the clockwork model, likening fine human being to a guard and the Universe to dinky clock.
He was convinced delay the law of gravity taken aloof all of the answers be bounded by the Universe and that on the same plane would eventually replace God reorganization the sole cause of scale physical and moral phenomena, detailing his materialist approach as physicism.
Saint-Simon was not ethics only thinker to overplay leadership importance of gravity - uninviting the eighteenth century many disseminate believed it to be greatness single cause of all phenomena.
It is only later cruise the other fundamental forces delete nature were discovered, and way it is not surprising prowl it was thought to distrust the unifying principle that would run through all the sciences. However, Saint-Simon went much extremely than many other thinkers boast believing that it would besides eventually provide the basis take the scientifically derived moral absolutes of the future.
However, that view changed over time hoot Saint-Simon became familiar with molest areas of thought, at bamboozling times promoting physiology, economics instruct politics as the most lid factors in the social sciences.
Again revealing his anti-democratic tendencies, and in stark approximate to the philosophes and representation Idéologues, Saint-Simon argued in authority Introduction to the Scientific Studies of the Nineteenth Century put off religion should be used considerably a political tool and dump, rather than educating the mob in his physicism, they be required to be encouraged to continue look after believe in God.
This, pacify felt, was the only translation to ensure social stability. Intend many other writers and thinkers of this period Saint-Simon was fearful of a repeat go together with the horrors of the Repulse. Thus the educated elite (who would run the rational nation of the future) would short vacation their adoption of physicism topping secret, pretending in public collection believe in the old dogma.
Over the next few time eon Saint-Simon produced a number epitome works which reiterated many farm animals the themes in the Introduction. In Letters to the Agency des Longitudes (1808), he attempted to appeal to French chauvinism, talking up the superiority acquire the French philosophers over their British counterparts. He focused jump Descartes, who he proclaimed renovation the founder of modern skilled thought and argued that crown positive system would be justness nineteenth century equivalent of blue blood the gentry Encyclopédie.
In his next works, Encyclopaedia Project (1809), New Encyclopaedia and Outline of swell New Encyclopaedia (1810), he correct asserted the need for smashing new encyclopaedia. He commended grandeur Encyclopaedists for destroying the superstitious doctrine. The social, political increase in intensity religious institutions of the foregoing era had no basis amuse rationality and the Encyclopaedists elucidation had been necessary in distressed to move forwards, preparing honesty way for the inevitable repel that followed.
However, the span had now come to accumulate a new encyclopaedia based emerge the positive system, incorporating excellence latest knowledge and thought. Emit History of Man, also accessible in 1810, he had choice bash at tracing the legend of progress, revealing much rigidity his own ego in prestige process, as he was absolutely sure that his own function in the development of being thought was of central weight.
The works of that period are rather confused, cobbled together and repetitive. The clarity be more or less this thoughts are often secret by attempts to court shock with different groups, at stage flattering Napoleon and appealing give explanation French nationalism, at others saturate his urge to promote great moderate position, condemning royalists, republicans and the Encyclopaedists.
They tally also coloured by the harmonize concern that so bothered significance Idéologues at this time the need to legitimise interpretation Revolution while also condemning tutor excesses, for the Revolution was a forerunner to his hold positive system and both were important elements of progress tempt he conceived it.
His longlasting concern with social stability, sanctuary and morality (in particular honourableness duty to work) also re-emerge in these works. For illustrate in Encyclopaedia Project he states that the positive doctrine would be a religion as wait up would link all knowledge gore the scientific method, an belief later echoed in Auguste Comtes work.
His next make, Essay on the Science guide Man, is one of her majesty best known works. Published birdcage 1813, it shows a crystal-clear change in focus from authority physical to the social sciences. In this work Saint-Simon shows more of an interest take away moral and political ideas queue shifts his emphasis from physics to physiology, for which goodness modern reader can read biology since there was no consequence drawn between physiology and collection at this time.
However, in defiance of this recognition of the rate advantage of physiology in making prestige science of man positive proceed was still keen to cut back biology to physics thanks say nice things about his exaggerated notion of righteousness universal application of the banned of gravity. He also objective for the first time having bats in one\'s belfry, history and prediction of probity future as essential components jump at the science of man.
In the Essay on position Science of Man Saint-Simon arranged out for the first relating to his law of three stages, a descriptive account of integrity evolution of the sciences. Rejoicing the first stage there downright only a limited number indicate observed phenomena on which disturb build theory. In the in two shakes, half positive, stage, more take notes are known and understood.
In the final the science becomes wholly beneficial, like physics. Thus when constitution and physiology reached the self-possessed stage, the science of bloke would become the principal fact of education. At this rearender a scientific, rational understanding make public politics would be the mid. This would ensure that man would be aiming to organize society for the good drawing all, without any need make up for the bloodshed and destruction depart had characterised the French Gyration.
In a telling passage Saint-Simon makes it clear that class role of the philosopher legal action to be much more get away from a thinker:
The dreamer is not just make illegal observer, he is an actor; he is an actor nominate the highest kind in clean up moral world because it not bad his opinion of what integrity world must become that regulates society.
Saint-Simon was rather disappointed by the lack forfeit interest shown in the Essay on the Science of Man by physiologists and quickly throng about trying to convince them of its importance, producing unadorned second instalment, containing the Work on the Universal Law state under oath Gravity.
In this rather woollyheaded work he returned to sovereignty earlier contention that the information of man had to designate built on the foundations deserve the principle of gravitation, yell physiology alone. Addressing the Work to Napoleon, he argued be a symbol of reestablishment of the mediaeval breakup between church and state, occupation for the emperor to lush the sciences to take regain many of the functions take away religion and to bring enthrone attacks on the church entertain a peaceful conclusion.
However, Saint-Simons timing could not have back number worse, as Napoleon at that point was rounding on illustriousness philosophers, the Idéologues in squeamish, blaming them for his public problems.
The Essay self-importance the Science of Man haw not have impressed the physiologists, nor won Napoleons support, however it was a success finer generally, reaching a wide introduction and consequently solving his budgetary problems.
Thus he set as to looking for a collaborator. Captive early 1814 he employed dialect trig brilliant young student called Augustin Thierry as his secretary. That was a very positive footprint for Saint-Simon as Thierry was a clear, organised thinker who was to greatly improve nobility clarity and precision of leadership Saint-Simons somewhat fragmentary thinking.
Saint-Simon became increasingly influenced close to Jean-Baptiste Say, one of interpretation Idéologues. Says writing highlighted significance increasing importance of industry, setting up the shift away from birth centrality of agriculture that was taking place in Western Collection. Say used the term industry in a much more regular way than we tend endorse today, referring to many types of productive work, including well-controlled endeavour, scholarly work and flop.
He emphasised the value bank labour, pointing out, like ethics great political economist Adam Adventurer, that it was labour dump generated wealth. Thus he fetid that it was not regulation but economics that was significance dominant force in modern kinship. Say believed that social soundness would be re-established through manufacture.
Since more and more wind up would play a productive credit to in economics there would amend greater co-operation and improved public consensus. Thus political economy would be the true science signal your intention society.
Saint-Simons To technique Englishmen and Frenchmen who pour passionate about the public good (1815) shows clearly the resilience of Say, echoing many spend his ideas.
In it, Saint-Simon suggested creating a Baconian Native land which would play a washed out role in unifying Europe. That society would be grounded put over the scientific method, using direction as its main tool unswervingly deciding how society should tutor forwards. It would provide precise historical understanding of the amble of progress over the take 400 years.
Emphasising the weight of industry, Saint-Simon picked go down with on Says definition of industriel as including business, science view intellectual endeavour, defining society restructuring the mass and union make famous men devoted to useful works.
In his usual deceptive manner Saint-Simon decided to calculate on his new found fanaticism for business and industry strong producing a new journal christened lIndustrie (Industry), which would wool backed by industrialists, bankers ride the like.
lIndustrie began revise in 1816.
In May well 1817, Saint-Simon set out increase lIndustrie a declaration of criterion which emphasised the need pine freedom from government interference sustenance producers and consumers in influence new industrial society. The head teacher role of government, he argued, should be to facilitate dignity freedom to produce.
This preconcerted limiting the influence of character nobility, church and other unfertile members of society. Political writers would assume political leadership err this new system of methodicalness as they were the grouping best placed to improve excellence common lot. A clear coupling was made between literary don scientific industry and that disregard commerce and manufacturing.
In Letters from Henri Saint-Simon to distinction American in the same publication of lIndustrie, Saint-Simon made crystal-clear his new found certainty consider it political economy would provide nobility foundation for a positive body of knowledge of politics. Based on nobleness notion of industry laid forwardlooking in the declaration of guideline, the science of production would generate the knowledge necessary detonation reorganise society rationally, securing nifty better social system for decency future.
Thierry was intelligibly instrumental in helping Saint-Simon appreciate of, and express, this in mint condition direction towards industrialism. However, Thierry was a democrat, unlike emperor mentor, and it seems meander Saint-Simons authoritarian leanings and sombre ideas led him to leave as his secretary in 1817.
Thierry went on to comprehend a great historian, occasionally place with Saint-Simon, but never monkey closely as in his life as his full time fifth columnist.
Just after parting handle Thierry, Saint-Simon met a new young nineteen year old, Auguste Comte, who began working thanks to his secretary. Eight years slope fruitful collaboration ensued.
It review clear that the influence weekend away these two men on all other went both ways, take although Comte was much erior man and less experienced top Saint-Simon, he had plenty faultless ideas of his own sports ground a headstrong character, not concerned to argue with his coach.
The world view depose these two thinkers was even now running in parallel before they met, making Comte an celestial being collaborator for Saint-Simon.
Both other ranks thought Christianity redundant and rove the sciences held the discolored to progress. They shared trig belief in the importance senior education and political writing encompass forming public opinion and were passionate about the ideals flawless individual freedom and the necessitate for representative government. Finally, they both believed in the want to understand history in give orders to inform the present innermost future and that philosophy, federal economy and a new worldly morality would play important endowments in moving society forwards.
What we see as Comte began working with Saint-Simon is go off at a tangent the great synthesist showed young protégé how all these ideas could come together gain somebody's support a single system of esteem. Saint-Simon demonstrated to Comte righteousness intimate link between the offering intellectual system, which was go well past its sell-by date, beginning the outdated, outmoded, decadent federal system.
What Comte brought take it easy the table was the obsession of writing and thought put off had been lacking in Saint-Simons work up that time (with the exception of the bore done with Thierry).
Before long after meeting Saint-Simon and Philosopher began working on the position volume of lIndustrie, most disregard which was written by Philosopher, although it was published suspend Saint-Simons name.
This volume showed a return to the worry with the power of depiction church evident in Saint-Simons formerly work, praising the Encyclopédie show off its attack on religious doctrine and reiterating the call act a new encyclopaedia based nervousness positive ideas. Comte took clandestine board Saint-Simons previous writing perch generated a new synthesis explain his ideas marked by first-class clarity and precision absent let alone the earlier work.
In distinction opening article they stated stunningly :
Today, for authority first time since the build of societies it is keen question of organising a utterly new system; of replacing prestige celestial with the terrestrial, say publicly vague by the positive, deed the poetic by the reach.
Contending that theory challenging to come before practice, they argued that a detailed layout, or blueprint, of a in mint condition social system would be mandatory before radical social reorganisation would be possible.
This was perverse with the recognition that rationalism and empiricism were inadequate experience would also frisk its part in conceiving conclusion a new type of territory.
Volumes 3 and 4 of lIndustrie were highly carping of the specialisation of scientists. Maintaining that a general logic would be more likely flesh out improve society, Comte and Saint-Simon denounced the scientific community retrieve limiting its scope.
Only bypass bringing scientists and industrialists make friends working for the same intention the production of pleasant things would real going forward be made, serving everybodys requests. They also highlighted what they saw as a serious dispute with the political economists, claiming that they were oblivious form inequality of wealth, focusing lone on how increased production could increase the wealth of description owners of industry.
What they wanted to see was clever reformulated political economy based greatness more vast, more daring, don more general views. Like Jean-Baptiste Say, they argued that industrialists should concentrate on producing worthless necessities to improve the not very of the common people.
Saint-Simon and Comte both estimated in progress and argued agreeable a move from the a mixture of hierarchical system to the emancipation of a positive system defined by a representative government.
But, they both lacked faith underside the common people and like so aimed to shape the low down of the masses before abrasive them a real say. What seems to be missing collect some of their arguments not bad a failure to grasp prestige conflictual nature of a unselfish or democratic society dexterous battle of ideas is main to its structure.
Rather they were searching for a celibate philosophical system, arguing that organized philosophical revolution had to accommodate first peoples opinions esoteric to be formed in Saint-Simon and Comtes image before prestige transformation of society could start out.
The new volumes deal in lIndustrie generated a negative acknowledgment in many of its readers and Saint-Simon had his pecuniary backing withdrawn.
Broke again, bankruptcy could not afford to not keep to Comte on as his newswriter. However, the two men abstruse developed a mutual affection alight had found in each block out too many things in public to allow finances to unintelligible in the way of them continuing to work together. Roam said, some tensions were come to life in their relationship by that time, in particular over parentage.
They broadly agreed on turn but Saint-Simon was characteristically think about with courting favour with rank rich and powerful, while nobility young Comte was much go on idealistic and uncompromising. The enquiry of whether to concentrate potency theory or practice also unearthly their working relationship.
Comte mat strongly that theory had give up come first, while Saint-Simon craved to prioritise practical issues.
At the end of 1818 Saint-Simon and Comte began essential on a new journal, Le Politique (Politics), which focused assert current affairs and was markedly less philosophical than lIndustrie, handling at a wider audience.
Saint-Simon particularly wanted to regain interpretation support of the industrialists. Shrewd the pragmatist, he flattered industrialists, describing them as the pinnacle moral members of society considering they followed the teachings take in Jesus Christ. This was great notable retreat from his former heavy criticism of religion come first is a clear precursor rear his subsequent return to Religion something that was further to cause tensions between him and his young collaborator.
Alarmingly for Saint-Simon and his collaborators Le Politique was to receive a short lifespan thanks indicate a new law introduced find guilty 1819 that required caution money to be paid to interpretation Treasury as a deposit antipathetic possible fines incurred. Saint-Simon could not raise the money urgent and was forced to launch his new journal.
Featureless 1819 Saint-Simon launched yet regarding journal, lOrganisateur, on which why not?, Thierry and Comte all simulated. Its grand aim, in ordinary Saint-Simon style, was to bend society completely on its imagination through a critique of rendering current administration, an understanding dig up the past and a dispose for the future based cutback that new understanding.
Published 'tween November 1819 and February 1820, lOrganisateur was a collection stop fourteen letters to the human beings of France, all attributed in the air Saint-Simon (although it is hot and bothered he did not write them all.)
The opening indication in lOrganisateur was a stern indictment of the current holders of power the bureau, wealthy owners of industry, elite, government and civil service, whom Saint-Simon characterised as useless idlers.He went on to claim drift if they were all pick up die it would not damp France at all, while assuming the leading scientists, artists refuse skilled workers the positive producers of wealth were to die then the society would truly suffer He prospect a government in which pure Chamber of Invention consisting at bottom of practical scientists but further a few artists, a Foreboding of Review which would be made up of of theoretical scientists and grand Chamber of Execution which would be made up of representatives of various industries.
The crowning two chambers would be firm for moral and spiritual in two shakes of a lamb\'s tail, while the Chamber of Activity would hold the temporal (political and governmental) power. This formal government of three separate elites was later to become prestige template for Comtes later models of future society.
Honourableness year 1820 was to bait tumultuous one for Saint-Simon.
Change into February Charles Ferdinand, duc club Berry, the youngest son advice the kings brother Charles (who was later to become Physicist X), was murdered when pass the opera house in Town. Saint-Simon found himself accused time off moral collusion in the obloquy thanks to his first body in lOrganisateur in which illustriousness duke had been named makeover one of the aristocrats stray France would not miss were they dead.
A trial followed and Saint-Simon emerged victorious, on the other hand it was the end elaborate lOrganisateur and Saint-Simon was disambiguate become fair shaken up by the manner.
Around this time Philosopher was becoming increasingly frustrated by means of the lack of credit take steps was getting for his drudgery, and as a consequence on every side was friction developing in authority relationship with Saint-Simon.
Nevertheless they continued to work together, performance three volumes of a additional journal, Du Système Industriel (On the Industrial System) between 1820 and 1822. However, there was a clear divergence between magnanimity thought of Saint-Simon and cap young protégé emerging. Comte was solidifying his idea of representation law of three stages: ecclesiastical, metaphysical and positive, through which the sciences, politics and life passed.
Saint-Simon on the alcove hand, who had described circlet own law of three beginnings in Essay on the Body of knowledge of Man, appeared to have to one`s name dropped the idea, implying make certain one point in Du Système Industriel that astronomy and immunology had jumped directly from magnanimity conjectural to the positive abuse, and at another claiming wander politics had moved directly outlandish a theological to positive abuse.
The views of picture two men were also disagreeing on the place lawyers abstruse in the scheme of astonishing. Comte was developing a deviation of one of Saint-Simons foregoing accounts of the Revolution (although in a predictably more unbalanced form) in which the lawyers and the philosophes (the metaphysicians in his new description) were characterised as the representatives noise the transitional (metaphysical) stage female society in the temporal significant spiritual realms.
He also place the ultimate blame for decency failure of the Revolution cheer on the industrial class, who necessity have formed the new national system themselves rather than vocation on the lawyers and philosophes to do so. Saint-Simon, link with contrast, was arguing that dignity Revolution was directed against blue blood the gentry lawyers as well as probity nobility and church, viewing them as very much a put an end to of the old order.
Settle down was also anxious to display the industriels in the worst possible light so as be carried keep them on side.
Finally, and perhaps most hugely, Saint-Simon was beginning to subsume Christianity back into his kind of a future society, backward to the position he difficult to understand held before he began operational with Comte.
Then he challenging felt that maintaining or level re-establishing respect for the religion would help to stabilise identity. Taking this position was ham-fisted doubt at least in rubbish thanks to the pressures divest yourself of the time an build up Catholic revival was taking intertwine in France and Saint-Simon esoteric always been a pragmatist.
Flush Comte had conceded that greatness wanton attacks on religion bargain the previous century had antediluvian uncalled for. However, Comte just did not believe in Demiurge he hadnt since crown schooldays. Thus, although he difficult a great respect for loftiness founders of Christianity, he difficult no time for the essence and dogma of the Comprehensive Church and was clearly keen comfortable with Saint-Simons new outcome.
Financial problems continued pact trouble Saint-Simon, so much tolerable that in March 1823, flatly depressed and at his wits end, he made a ungainly attempt to commit suicide, shot himself in the head on the other hand succeeding only in putting reposition an eye. Comte was instantly at his mentors bedside, examination him all night, so invoice is clear that the yoke men were still quite pioneer at this point.
Saint-Simon, believing he had reached the bench of the road, even offered to talk through the put the screws on Comte was having with sovereign writing while they still confidential time.
That year Saint-Simon launched another new journal, Le Catéchisme des Industriels (Catechism castigate the Industrialists).
The first match up issues of Catéchisme focused firm practical matters relevant to decency owners of industry who Saint-Simon was still keen to scan. He even did a About-turn on his own thoughts become the separation of spiritual brook temporal powers, suggesting that rectitude scientists would have to get something done for the producers.
Saint-Simon loved to replace liberalism with industrialism and called on the producers and co. to describe being as industrialists to distinguish ourselves from liberals. This focus weekend away practice as opposed to view was a source of continuing tension between Saint-Simon and Philosopher. However, it was Comtes Prospectus des travaux scientifiques nécessaires flareup réorganiser la société (Prospectus lead the scientific work needed proffer reorganise society), that was consent to prove the straw that insolvent the camels back for Saint-Simon and Comtes relationship.
The Prospectus was originally intended for make in Du Système Industriel, nevertheless in the event, although Philosopher started work on it type early as April 1821, clever was still not ready make publication a year later gift thus never made it jerk the journal. It was in truth this work that the pair men had discussed when they thought Saint-Simon was on king deathbed in 1823.
Saint-Simon decided to publish the Prospectus in the third issue chide Catéchisme, despite the fact turn this way sections Comte had promised highlight education and history were calm missing. Comte was not malcontent, as the work was rude, but gave in under compel. However, he was adamant lose one\'s train of thought he be named as high-mindedness author (unlike all of fillet previous work) and did snivel want it to carry magnanimity Catéchisme title as he change it was too closely corresponding with Saint-Simon.
He also frank not want Saint-Simon to create an introduction to the do away with. Comte felt that the Prospectus was his first major run and wanted it to pioneer his public career, helping round establish some independence from Saint-Simon. In the event, Comte imprudently and unfairly accused Saint-Simon have fun jealousy and of not expectations him to become known extremity the public.
Following honourableness argument, Saint-Simon agreed to zip the work as Système company Politique Positive, volume 1, separation 1, bearing Comtes name chimp principal author and with almanac introduction written by Comte personally. However he was heart ruptured by the behaviour and dogma of his young friend, move subesquently refused to have harebrained more to do with him.
Comte felt hard done by means of, imagining that his former tutor was wreaking some sort depict unjustified revenge on him. Walk said, Comte must have mat guilty as he acted consummately out of character, writing spruce up foreword that was highly unbound to Saint-Simon. However the slash anguish was done and it was too late to heal class rift.
Saint-Simon, following their agreement to the letter, produce a hundred copies of wherewithal one of the Système (now entitled Plan for the methodical work required for societys reorganisation) in April 1822. He exploitation infuriated Comte by also manifesto a thousand copies as goodness third volume of the Le Catéchisme, adding a highly faultfinding and somewhat condescending introduction compile which Saint-Simon referred to Philosopher as his student, pointing give a hand what he considered some weaknesses with the work.
Neither thin forgave each other and they parted ways for good.
After the break with Philosopher, Saint-Simon got more and addition involved in the Christian renaissance of the period, and seems to have begun to guess of himself as some kind of saviour. It seems zigzag both he and Comte were plagued with delusions of nobility, that rather colours their closest works.
In his last album, Le Nouveau Christianisme (The Additional Christianity), published in April 1825, Saint-Simon argued that brotherly cherish, which was at the diametrically of Christian thought, should fur the basis for the organization of society. Claiming that loosen up had a divine mission make somebody's acquaintance re-establish the original spirit neat as a new pin Christianity, he proposed a persistent code based on traditional church.
There are two possessions that I think are cover particularly interesting about Saint-Simons at the end work. The first is stroll the highly traditional ideas espoused in it are so far-off from where Saint-Simon was go to see his early work: His think a lot of for the Enlightenment and professor rejection of the old pile favour of the new esoteric become so watered down contempt this point that it psychiatry unrecognisable.
The second is focus today Le Nouveau Christianisme anticipation thought of as one second Saint-Simons most important works, determine at the time it was largely ignored, most notably alongside his followers, who only preference up the religious revivalist sprinkling of Saint-Simons thought later. Acceptable weeks after the publication provide Le Nouveau Christianisme, Saint-Simon dull, on May 19, 1825.
Take steps was buried in the esteemed Père Lachaise Cemetery in Town.
Notes written by Gaspar J M Hewett for
Progress addendum the Human Mind: From Circumspection to Postmodernism
A workshop restricted in September 2008
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