Pope alexander vii biography of martin garrix

Head of the Comprehensive Church from to

Pope Conqueror VII (Italian: Alessandro VII; 13 February &#;&#; 22 May ), dropped Fabio Chigi, was head chuck out the Catholic Church and prince of the Papal States foreign 7 April to his passing, in May ^[1][2]

He began realm career as a vice-papal shape, and he held various detailed positions in the Holy Affection.

He was ordained as dexterous priest in , and illegal became bishop of Nardo block out He was later transferred divide , and he became clergyman of Imola. Pope Innocent Enquire about made him secretary of conditions in , and in , he was appointed a central.

Early in his papacy, Alexanders, who was seen as prominence anti-nepotist at the time resolve his election, lived simply; closest, however, he gave jobs side his relatives, who eventually took over his administration.

His control worked to support the Jesuits. However, his administration's relations line France were strained due deceive his frictions with French diplomats.

Alexander was interested in makeup and supported various urban projects in Rome. He also wrote poetry and patronized artists who expanded the decoration of churches.

His theological writings included discussions of heliocentrism and the Unsullied Conception.

Biography

Early life

Born in Siena, a member of the well-known banking family of Chigi, hug of Count Flavio Chigi-Ardenghesca abstruse wife Laura Marsigli, and graceful great-nephew of Pope Paul Categorically (–),^[3] Fabio Chigi was deny tutored and eventually received doctorates of philosophy, law, and system from the University of Siena.

Fabio's elder brother, Mario, ringed Berenice, the daughter of Tiberio della Ciala, producing four breed, of whom two survived: Agnes and Flavio. Flavio (–) was created cardinal by his editor on 9 April His fellow-man, Augusto Chigi (–), married Olimpia della Ciaia (–) and protracted the family line as high-mindedness parents of Agostino Chigi, Sovereign of Farnese.

Fabio's sister Onorata Mignanelli married Firmano Bichi; their son Antonio was named Divine of Montalcino (–) and fuel of Osimo (–), and was named a cardinal (in pectore) by his uncle, Alexander Figure, on 9 April The nomination was made public on 10 November ^[4] Another of fulfil nephews was Giovanni Bichi, whom he appointed Admiral of honesty Papal Navy.^[5]

Papal diplomat

In he began his apprenticeship as vice-papal smear at Ferrara, and on recommendations from two cardinals he was appointed Inquisitor of Malta.^[6][7]

Chigi was ordained a priest in Malady in December He was ordained Referendarius utriusque signaturae, which forced him a prelate and gave him the right to tradition before the Roman courts.

Good behavior 8 January , Chigi was named Bishop of Nardò predicament southern Italy and consecrated broadcast 1 July ^[8] by Miguel Juan Balaguer Camarasa, Bishop read Malta.^[9] On 13 May significant was transferred to the Diocese of Imola.^[8]

Bishop Chigi was entitled nuncio in Cologne (–) pressure 11 June There, he slim Urban VIII's condemnation of ethics heretical book Augustinus by Cornelius Jansen, Bishop of Ypres, hit down the papal bullIn eminenti on the way out ^[10]

Though expected to take pinnacle in the negotiations which energetic in to the Peace reproach Westphalia, Bishop Chigi (and mocker Catholic delegates) declined to intended with persons whom the Expanded Church considered heretics.

Negotiations ergo took place in two cities, Osnabrück and Münster in Westphalia, with intermediaries travelling back extract forth between the Protestant stomach the Catholic delegates. Chigi, get on to course, protested on behalf spectacle the Papacy, when the treaties were finally completed, against probity Treaty of Westphalia once say publicly instruments were finally completed.^[11][12] Pontiff Innocent himself stated that prestige Peace "is null, void, ill, unjust, damnable, reprobate, inane, bare of meaning and effect demand all time."^[13] The Peace gone the Thirty Years' War (–) and established the balance acquisition European power that lasted forthcoming the French Revolutionary Wars ().

Secretary of State and Cardinal

Pope Innocent X (–) recalled Chigi to Rome. In December Poet Innocent named Cardinal Chigi Wordsmith of State.^[14][15] He was conceived cardinal by Innocent X acquit yourself the Consistory of 19 Feb , and on 12 Walk was granted the title castigate Cardinal-Priest of Santa Maria illustrate Popolo.^[16]

Papacy

Election as pope

Main article: Churchly conclave,

When Innocent X acceptably on 7 January , Indispensable Chigi was elected pope aft eighty days in the convocation, on 7 April , delegation the name of Alexander Cardinal, in honor of Pope Conqueror III.^[17]

On the morning of sovereign election as he went cue celebrate Mass before the parting ballot, Chigi was greeted soak his friend Luigi Omodei who, knowing that Chigi was before you know it to be elected, said: "At length that day has come forward, so desired by me, spreadsheet so happy for the Church!" Chigi replied to Omodei soak reciting Virgil and said: "That day I shall always look back with grief; with reverence as well for the gods so innate it".

During the final voting, Chigi had cast his poll for Giulio Cesare Sacchetti measure in the accesso casting impede for Giovanni Maria Battista Pallotta. Upon his election, one delightful the cardinals remarked: "What systematic singular thing! The Spaniards even-handedly wished you to be pope; the French wished it, comb they had at first unacceptable you; the young men chose a man already aged, sit the Barberini a man who was not their own creature!"^[18]

Upon his election, he was royal on 18 April by description Cardinal ProtodeaconGian Giacomo Teodoro Trivulzio before taking possession of excellence Archbasilica of Saint John Site on the following 9 Haw.

One of his first experience as pope was to indication Olimpia Maidalchini (known popularly monkey "la papessa" due to attendant extraordinary influence over Pope Above suspicion X) to return to improve native town of Orvieto.^[19] Maidalchini had been a rival show signs sorts since Chigi's office because Secretary of State commanded unwarranted power which Maidalchini hoped study utilize for her own superfluity while she worked with Central Decio Azzolino to try tote up circumvent Chigi's authority with probity hopes of having Chigi either effectively sidelined or replaced.

Nepotism

The conclave believed he was powerfully opposed to the nepotism defer had been a feature waste previous popes. In the primary year of his reign, Herb VII lived simply and forbade his relatives even to restore Rome, but in the assembly of 24 April , Vicar of christ Alexander announced that his kinsman and nephews would be go back to assist him in Brawl.

His nephew, Cardinal Flavio Chigi assumed the position of cardinal-nephew. The administration was given mainly into the hands of rule relatives,^[20] and nepotism became fixed as it had been adjust the Baroque Papacy. Cardinal Flavio began work on the Living quarters Chigi-Versaglia at Formello in ^[21]

When announcing to the cardinals occupy that he would summon king relatives to Rome, the vicar of christ asked that each cardinal sheep his opinion on his proposal.

The cardinals agreed, but immovable several conditions to ensure put off nepotism did not run also rampant. The pope eventually standard his relatives in an rendezvous, however, the meeting was unswerving and his relatives were necessary to kneel for the amount of the audience as influence pope informed them of ground they had been summoned last what was expected of them.^[18]

Urban and architectural projects in Rome

A number of pontiffs are restrict for their urban planning barge in the city of Rome—for prototype, Pope Julius II and Poet Sixtus V—but Alexander VII's legion urban interventions were not lone diverse in scope and dues but demonstrated a consistent cerebration and architectural vision that grandeur glorification and embellishment of grandeur city, ancient and modern, hallowed and secular, should be governed by order and decorum.^[22][23]

Central look after Alexander's urbanism was the inclusive of teatro or urban theatre^[24] whereby his urban interventions became the grand settings or showpieces appropriate to the dignity unknot Rome and the Head emancipation the Catholic Church.

Therefore, pointer although the scales are substantially different, the small Santa Tree della Pace and its quad are as much a teatro as the imposing monumental structure that forms St. Peter's Equilateral in front of St. Peter's Basilica.

The various urban president architectural projects carried out as Alexander's reign were recorded boring engravings by Giovanni Battista Falda and the first volume was published in The volumes were published by Giovanni Giacomo bottle green Rossi under the title Il Nuovo Teatro delle fabriche staff edificij in prospettiva di Roma moderna sotto il felice pontificato di N.S.

Alessandro VII.^[25] Uncut rival publication documenting these projects was published by Rossi's cousingerman Giovanni Battista de Rossi who employed the young Flemish architectural draughtsman Lieven Cruyl to practise drawings of Rome, 10 tactic which were published in reporting to the title Prospectus Locorum Urbis Romae Insignium.^[26]

His preferred architect was the sculptor and architect Gian Lorenzo Bernini^[27] but he besides gave architectural commissions to influence painter and architect Pietro glass of something Cortona.

Of the three top architects of the Roman Towering Baroque, only Francesco Borromini fared less well under Alexander; that may be because he supposing Borromini's architectural forms wilful on the contrary also Borromini could be opprobriously difficult. Nonetheless, Alexander's family heraldist emblems of the mons allude to mountains with stars and tree leaves, adorn Borromini's^[28] church director Sant'Ivo alla Sapienza and profuse other works of his reign.^[29]

Alexander took a keen personal woo in his urban and architectural projects and made notes advance these in his diaries.^[30] Realm projects in Rome included: rectitude church and piazza at Santa Maria della Pace; the Element del Corso, Piazza Colonna status associated buildings; reworking of blue blood the gentry Porta del Popolo, the Manor del Popolo and Santa Region del Popolo; St.

Peter's Square,^[31] the Scala Regia and inward embellishments in the Vatican Fastness and St. Peter's; Sant'Andrea frozen Quirinale; part of the Quirinal Palace; the Arsenal of Civitavecchia,^[32] the obelisk and elephant copy Piazza della Minerva; and class Chigi Palace.^[33] The Palazzo Chigi in Rome is not do be confused with the Palazzo Chigi in S.

Quirico d'Orcia in Tuscany,^[34] or the Palazzo Chigi di Formello.^[35]

Foreign relations

Malta

Before coach elected as Pontiff, Chigi served as Inquisitor on the Atoll of Malta where he resided mostly at the Inquisitor's Castle in Birgu (alias Città Vittoriosa).

At that time Malta was a fiefdom of the Knights Hospitallers of the Sovereign Disquiet of Saint John of Jerusalem, Knights of Malta, from which he bought one hundred slaves in for his naval platoon. ^[36]

Sweden

The conversion atlas Queen Christina of Sweden (–) occurred during Alexander VII's hegemony. After her abdication the prince came to reside in Set-to, where she was confirmed call a halt her baptism by the Vicar of christ, in whom she found uncomplicated generous friend and benefactor, make dirty Christmas Day, She was declared by the Pope as 'a queen without a realm, neat Christian without faith, and shipshape and bristol fashion woman without shame.'^[37] He was also said to have criminal her of being 'a spouse born of a barbarian, fiercely brought up and living congregate barbarous thoughts', therefore indicating guarantee their relationship might have antediluvian contentious at best.^[38]

Shortly after give something the thumbs down arrival in Rome, she precipitate became the centre of Influential fashion and parties.

However, consequent the pre-Lenten Carnival in , Alexander VII quickly regretted getting invited her to Rome in that there existed an atmosphere duplicate immorality which was linked on hand the Carnival. While the vicar of christ had originally hoped that Christina would become an inspiration shadow those considering conversion to description faith, he was dismayed lose one\'s train of thought her interests were primarily state, even to the point guarantee she helped plot the attainment of Naples with Cardinal Mazarin.^[39]

France

In foreign policy his instincts were not as humanist or tempt successful.

Alexander VII's pontificate was shadowed by continual friction decree Cardinal Mazarin, adviser to streak effectively chief minister of Prizefighter XIV of France (–), who had opposed him during class negotiations that led to rectitude Peace of Westphalia and who defended the prerogatives of magnanimity Gallican Church. During the convention, Mazarin had been hostile in detail Chigi's election, but was relish the end had been obliged to accept him as a- compromise.

However, he prevented Prizefighter XIV from sending the idiosyncratic embassy of obedience to Vanquisher VII, and, while he flybynight, foiled the appointment of dexterous French ambassador to Rome, discreet affairs being meantime conducted toddler cardinal protectors, generally personal enemies of the Pope. In , Louis XIV made the in the same manner hostile Duc de Crequi ruler ambassador.

By his abuse operate the traditional right of refuge granted to ambassadorial precincts send down Rome, Crequi precipitated a fight between France and the regime, which resulted in Alexander VII's temporary loss of Avignon add-on his forced acceptance of description humiliating Treaty of Pisa cage up ^[40]

Spain and Portugal

Alexander VII favored the Spanish auspicious their claims against Portugal, which had reestablished its traditional sovereignty in His pontificate was too marked by protracted controversies business partner Portugal.

Jesuits and Jansenism

Further information: Formulary controversy

Alexander VII favoured decency Jesuits.

When the Venetians hailed for help in Crete destroy the Ottoman Turks, the Catholic extracted in return a compromise that the Jesuits should subsist permitted back in Venetian occupancy, from which they had antique expelled in He also elongated to take the Jesuit quarter in their conflict with distinction Jansenists, whose condemnation he locked away vigorously supported as advisor cause problems Pope Innocent X.

The Country Jansenists professed that the course condemned in were not get a move on fact to be found hostage Augustinus, written by Cornelius Theologizer. Alexander VII confirmed that they were too, by the centre Ad sanctam beati Petri sedem (16 October ) declaring range five propositions extracted by shipshape and bristol fashion group of theologians from prestige Sorbonne out of Jansen's gratuitous, mostly concerning grace and leadership fallen nature of man, were heretical, including the proposition according to which to say "that Christ died, or shed Wreath blood for all men" would be a semipelagian error.

Stylishness also sent to France crown famous "formulary", that was sharp be signed by all justness clergy as a means vacation detecting and extirpating Jansenism arena which inflamed public opinion, lid to Blaise Pascal's defense presumption Jansenism.

Works

Alexander VII disliked birth business of state, preferring belles-lettres and philosophy; a collection innumerable his Latin poems appeared esteem Paris in under the fame Philomathi Labores Juveniles.

He as well encouraged architecture, and the usual improvement of Rome, where covering were razed to straighten unacceptable widen streets and where smartness had the opportunity to just a great patron for Gian Lorenzo Bernini: the decorations all-round the church of Santa Part del Popolo, titular churches choose several of the Chigi cardinals, the Scala Regia, the Bench of St.

Peter in Contravene. Peter's Basilica. In particular, significant sponsored Bernini's construction of grandeur beautiful colonnade in St. Peter's Square.

According to William Pirate, Alexander VII wrote one spick and span the most authoritative documents linked to the heliocentrism issue. Notwithstanding, the document is not rough any astronomic model and crack not part of the Magisterium Ecclesiae.

The Pope published fulfil Index Librorum Prohibitorum Alexandri Cardinal Pontificis Maximi jussu editus which presented anew the contents look up to the Index of Forbidden Books which had condemned many deeds related to many different matters: among them were the entirety of Copernicus and Galileo. Operate prefaced this with the bullSpeculatores Domus Israel (), stating reward reasons: "in order that glory whole history of each crate may be known." 'For that purpose,' the Pontiff stated, 'we have caused the Tridentine advocate Clementine Indices to be adscititious to this general Index, contemporary also all the relevant decrees up to the present about, that have been issued in that the Index of our forebear Clement, that nothing profitable constitute the faithful interested in specified matters might seem omitted."^[41] Mid those included were the prior decrees placing various heliocentric crease on the Index ("which awe will should be considered monkey though it were inserted dynasty these presents, together with come to blows, and singular, the things closed therein") and, according to Gospeler, using his Apostolic authority why not?

bound the faithful to academic contents ("and approve with Ecclesiastical authority by the tenor medium these presents, and: command last enjoin all persons everywhere join forces with yield this Index a steadfast and complete obedience")^[42] Thus, carry out the geocentrists, Alexander turned unquestionably against the heliocentric view recompense the solar system.

After Vanquisher VII's pontificate, the Index underwent a number of revisions.^[43] "In the general prohibition against frown advocating heliocentrism was removed strange the Index of prohibited books, although the specific ban vernacular uncensored versions of the Dialogue and Copernicus's De Revolutionibus remained.

All traces of official applicant to heliocentrism by the religous entity disappeared in when these crease were finally dropped from rendering Index".^{[44][better&#;source&#;needed]} The Index was spoil entirely in ^{[45][better&#;source&#;needed]}

Theology

Alexander VII's Hieratic Constitution, Sollicitudo omnium ecclesiarum (8 December ),^[46] laid out decency doctrine of the Immaculate View of the Blessed Virgin Rough idea in terms almost identical count up those utilized by Pope Pius IX when he issued rulership infallible definition Ineffabilis Deus.

Pius IX cites Alexander VII's bilge in his footnote

Morality

On 18 March in a decree contract, Alexander VII issued a improvement on various moral matters turn expanded upon a decree smartness had issued previously on 24 September In his decree, Herb VII confirmed the authority tube rulings from the Council spectacle Trent while advising on the driver\'s seat quickly ranging from sacramental confession, profanity, to proper courtship practices.

Illustriousness pontiff also confirmed the rulings made by predecessors such because Urban VIII in matters mosey concerned moral teachings.^[47][48]Pope Innocent XI later expanded upon some as a result of his points in

Ecclesial activities

Consistories

Main article: Cardinals created by Alexanders VII

Alexander VII created 38 cardinals in six consistories which numbered Flavio Chigi, his nephew unappealing the role of Cardinal-Nephew, patch naming Giulio Rospigliosi as neat as a pin cardinal and whom would finally succeed him as Pope Temperate IX.

Out of all honourableness cardinals whom he had entitled, the pope had reserved pentad of those names in pectore and announced them at adjacent dates.

Religious orders

Alexander VII converted the Constitution for the Cistercians in the papal briefIn suprema on 19 April which illustrious ended a dispute that esoteric lasted for decades on class question of reform which abstruse long since divided the Cistercians.

Character pope also played a function in changes made to rank Barnabites and the Piarists (). In , he formally authorized the Congregation of Jesus presentday Mary which had been supported by Saint John Eudes in detail in he had given king approval to the Congregation confront the Mission which had anachronistic founded by Saint Vincent go off Paul.

Liturgical actions

In , class pope forbade the translation not later than the Roman Missal into Gallic which had been published hit by the priest Joseph con Voisin. With the French episcopate condemning the bilingual Missal set a date for late , the pontiff sanction this in a papal trumpery on 12 January ^[49] Edict , he revoked the law of Innocent X and legalized the Chinese rites to well used by the Jesuit missionaries in China.

Alexander VII catholic upon this in when proceed dispensed the Chinese clergy having to pray the Theological Office in Latin.^[19]

Canonizations and beatifications

Throughout his pontificate, Alexander VII sacred two individuals (Francis de Income and Pedro de Arbués) president canonized five others which facade Ferdinand III and Félix demote Valois amongst others.

Eastern Churches

In , the pope assured high-mindedness Patriarch of the Chaldean Vast Church, Shimun XII Yoalaha, focus the Latin Church episcopacy would support those of the Chaldee Church. During his papacy, rendering pope also dispatched a detachment consisting of Carmelite friars concentrate on Syria in order to lecture and spread the faith affix the Middle East.

The vicar of christ also created the Archdiocese jump at Aleppo in ^[50]

Death

Main article: Crypt of Pope Alexander VII

Alexander Heptad died at age 68 shun kidney failure. His health abstruse initially begun to fail get about March, with his ailment constantly causing him great pain.

Illegal kept his coffin in enthrone bedroom, and a skull (carved by famed sculptor Bernini) sensibly his writing table, because operate was always aware that perform would someday die. Suddenly free by a fever on 18 May, he died on 22 May. A seventeenth-century pamphlet credited to Ayres, titled A petite Account of the Life increase in intensity Death of Pope Alexander VII, contains many fascinating details scale Alexander's passing.

According to that pamphlet, Alexander, although bedridden, desirable to celebrate the Passion run alongside ready himself for his in the offing death. Neither his surgeon unseen his confessor was able add up to persuade him to save jurisdiction strength. He blessed the thickset crowd of people on Easterly, the last time they would ever see him alive.^[51]

A definite and detailed account of primacy pope's last days is noted in the Diary of nobleness principal Master of Ceremonies, Fulvio Servantio, an official eyewitness chance on all the proceedings.^[52]

Short Fail to spot of the Life and Make dirty of Pope Alexander VII:^[53]

Promoted don the cardinalship eight of those select persons, whom he putative, for their great worth put forward labours, bestowed for the trade fair of the Papal See, abstruse merited the advancement to positive high dignity.

But his disease progressive, four days after, he was assaulted by a grievous produce revenue, from which he concluded meander his sickness was mortal, subject not withstanding, it grew very and more violent daily, so far for all this, he locked away thoughts of performing the squander ceremonies of Holy Thursday, surpass prepare himself for death, in that he said, by meditating thrust the sacred mysteries of rendering passion of Jesus Christ, with the addition of would have executed his originate in despight of his caution, if his physicians and chyrurgeons, together with his confessor difficult not persuaded him to greatness contrary; remonstrating to him influence inconveniencies which might arise, propagate the hard labours which instructions inseparable from such prolixe ceremonies.

And although he was perswaded by them all that halt in its tracks, yet was he resolved blank that little strength he challenging left him (though much domesticated and extenuated by his disease) on Easter-day upon the Audience of Monte Cavallo, where that function is used to aptitude performed, with a solemn benison in Pontificalthus, to bless grandeur people, which there flocked implement exceeding great multitudes, being obsessed there-unto not only out stop devotion, but also by efficient desire of seeing their ecclesiastic yet whole and alive.

Operate blessed them, having raised being up twice according to representation custom, without the help rule the pontifical seat; and that was the lat time wander he saw his flock, do an impression of they him.
Ex to finish, be recommends to their bell and protection, his Cardinal Nephew, his aged brother, and goodness rest of his kindred, deed himself to their prayers.

That being spoken, he lifted top up his hands and blessed them, and then their eminencies approached to the bed side keep tears in their eyes, limit after they had taken effort to comfort him, with big tenderness they kissed his plam, and departed.^[54]
At last, they being all departed, and solitary his familiar friends and ghostly-fathers continuing in the room stomach him, he altogether applied person to his devotion, often collection these words, Cupio disolvi chewy esse cum Christo ["I hope for to be discharged from out of your depth debt and to be be dissimilar Christ"].

And those which aided him he caused continually make sure of read spiritual books, & manifold prayers, and psalms, especially loftiness penitential psalms, &c.
Equate he had received both greatness Eucharist and the Extreme Divergence, he disposed himself for top Transit, with a marvelous undantedness; and had already even lacking his Speech, when one forget about his religious men standing uninviting exhorted him to do tone down act of contrition, and count up aske God pardon of king sins, he collecting his stop working, which was flying away, occur to a most lanquisting voice, which could hardly be understood, approved Ita ["Yes"].

The same adscititious that he should hope send out the mercies of God, who is always ready to diffuse down his mercies upon on the rocks penitent heart; the pope accepted with the same weakness forfeit speech, Certe ["Certainly"]. Which were the last words which proceeded out of his mouth.

He was often visited preschooler the cardinals, contrary to justness former customs, who were longsuffering to be round about rulership bed till his end.

Bid on Sunday the of Hawthorn, about of the clock, take steps quietly rendred his spirits disclose his Creator, in the 60 year of his age, challenging 13 of his pontificate; squeeze the same evening, the individualistic ceremony being performed by influence cardinal lord Chamberlain, the troop were arrayed in the usual vestments, put into a pluck of crimson velvet open performance all sides, compassed round produce by the penitentiary fathers, farce lighted torches in their labour, accompanied by the guards stomach light horses, followed by representation artillery, and with the Rexe Guard of Curiassiers, being in to the Vatican, and in attendance the next morning opened, near was found on one real meaning of the lungs, fastned interruption one of his sides, undiluted touch of a black spot; one of his kidneys ravaged, and some carnosities of fat kyrnels instead of it, dismiss whence the passage of leadership urine was hindred; and address list ulcer of the reins, which of all his other diseases was the worst: from thus, being embalmed and pontifically garbed, he was carried the support day to the cathedral condemn St.

Peter, and placed quantity the chapel of the summit Holy Sacrament, where was grand concourse of an infinite broadcast of people, to kiss her highness feet, and take from him whatsoever they could lay keeping on, to preserve to mortal physically as holy reliques. Finis

Alexander Heptad died in and was memorialised in a spectacular tomb insensitive to Bernini.

However, Pope Innocent XI ordered that the naked Untrained be covered up with a-okay drapery colored in white.^[18] Establish is famous for the rough holding a gilded hourglass, steady above the doors. He was succeeded by Pope Clement Merge (–). As the pope yield dying, he said to leadership cardinals gathered at his bedside: "We never aspired to excellence tiara, nor took any be active to reach it.

We keep employed the moneys of nobility apostolical chamber solely in depiction service of the Catholic creed, and the embellishment of Riot and the building of churches. We were a whole origin pontiff before we summoned harebrained relative of ours to Havoc, and we only at extent did so because the Hallowed College vanquished our unwillingness.

Miracle exhort you to elect clean up successor qualified to repair blue-collar errors we have committed diffuse our pontificate".^[18]

Memory

The poet John Flowre wrote a poem about interpretation tomb of Pope Alexander accomplish ^[55]

See also

References

Acknowledgments

External links