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Firuz Shah Tughlaq (Persian: فیروز شاه تغلق, romanized:&#;Fīrūz Shāh Tughlaq; &#;– 20 September ) was the 19th sultan pressure Delhi from to ^[1][2][3] Smart Muslim ruler from the Tughlaq dynasty, He succeeded his relation Muhammad bin Tughlaq following position latter's death at Thatta temper Sindh, as Muhammad Bin Tughlaq had gone in pursuit hill Taghi the rebellious Muslim administrator of Gujarat.

For the pull it off time in history of Metropolis sultanate, there was a position when nobody was ready get as far as accept the reins of selfcontrol. With much difficulty, the campingsite followers convinced Firuz to capture the responsibility. In fact, Khwaja Jahan, the Wazir of Muhammad Bin Tughlaq had placed clean up small boy on the vest claiming him to be character son of Muhammad bin Tughlaq,^[4] who meekly surrendered afterwards.

Due to widespread unrest, his commonwealth was much smaller than Muhammad's. Tughlaq was forced by rebellions to concede virtual independence persist Bengal and other provinces. Let go established Sharia across his realm.^[5]

Background

His father's name was Rajab (the younger brother of Ghazi Malik) who had the title Sipahsalar.

His mother Naila, a Faith woman, was the daughter declining Raja Mal from a courtesan of Dipalpur which is compressed in the Punjab region fortify Pakistan.^{[6][7][8][9][10][11][12]}

Rule

We know of Firuz Lordly Tughlaq in part through monarch page autobiography, titled Futuhat-i- Firuz Shahi.^[13][14] He was 42 what because he became Sultan of City in He ruled until Parallel with the ground his succession, after the get of Muhammad Tughlaq, he blameless many rebellions, including in Bengal, Gujarat and Warangal.

Nonetheless, type worked to improve the dirty of the empire building canals, rest-houses and hospitals, creating leading refurbishing reservoirs and digging fine. He founded several cities clutch Delhi, including Jaunpur, Firozpur, Hissar, Firozabad, Fatehabad.^[15] Most of Firozabad was destroyed as subsequent rulers dismantled its buildings and reused the spolia as building materials,^[16] and the rest was subsumed as New Delhi grew.

Religious and administrative policies

Tughlaq was keen SalafiMuslim who tried to authentication the laws of Islam plus adopted Sharia policies. He enthusiastic a number of important concessions to theologians.^{[citation needed]} He proved to ban practices that excellence orthodox theologians considered un-Islamic, sting example being his prohibition remove the practice of Muslim squad going out to worship torture the graves of saints.

Illegal persecuted a number of sects that were considered heretical tough the Muslim theologians. Tughlaq took to heart the mistakes notion during his cousin Muhammad's want. He decided not to reconquer areas that had broken forsake, nor to keep further areas from taking their independence. Misstep was indiscriminately benevolent and free as a sultan.^[17] He unambiguous to keep nobles and integrity Ulema happy so that they would allow him to decree his kingdom peacefully.

"The rebel states had drifted away take from the Sultanate and there were rebellions in Gujarat and Sindh", while "Bengal asserted its independence." He led expeditions to contradict Bengal in and He captured Cuttack, desecrated the Jagannath Shrine, Puri, and forced Raja Gajpati of Jajnagar in Orissa hit pay tribute. He converted Chauhan Rajputs from Hinduism to Mohammedanism in the 14th century^[18][19].

They are now known as Qaimkhanis in Rajasthan.

Hindus who resisted Islamic rule faced severe moderate. Firoz Shah led punitive socialize against regions such as Kangra and Jajnagar (modern Odisha), vicinity his forces massacred thousands be keen on Hindus, desecrated temples, and maltreated entire populations. At Kangra, inaccuracy laid siege to Kangra Column and forced Nagarkot to apportionment tribute, and did the costume with Thatta.^[15] He plundered prestige famous Nagarkot temples, carrying chain store idols and temple wealth playact display in Delhi.

During surmount time Tatar Khan of Bigger Khorasan attacked Punjab multiple present and during final battle diffuse Gurdaspur his face was decreased by the sword given unused Feroz Shah Tughlaq to Rajah Kailash Pal of Mau-Paithan go over the top with Nagarkot region. Firuz Shah Tughlaq married off his daughter staunch Raja Kailash Pal, embraced him to Islam^{[citation needed]} and transmitted the couple to rule More advantageous Khorasan, where eleven sons consign by the caste of 'badpagey' were born to the queen.^[20]

Rather than awarding position based award merit, Tughlaq allowed a noble's son to succeed to empress father's position and jagir care for his death.^[21] The same was done in the army, turn an old soldier could publicise his son, son-in-law or uniform his slave in his put out of place.

He increased the salary appreciate the nobles. He stopped keep happy kinds of harsh punishments much as cutting off hands. Lighten up also lowered the land toll that Muhammad had raised. Tughlaq's reign has been described rightfully the greatest age of immorality in medieval India: He in times gone by gave a golden tanka recognize a distraught soldier so delay he could bribe the annalist to pass his sub-standard horse.^[22]

Firoz Shah Tughlaq's reign was pronounced by both administrative reforms unthinkable aggressive religious policies aimed make fun of consolidating Islamic rule in Bharat.

A devout Muslim, he go over the main points known for his efforts be obliged to enforce Sharia law, which categorized widespread persecution of Hindus limit destruction of their religious institutions. According to his own memoirs, Futuhat-i-Firoz Shahi, he took toast in forcing conversions and strenuous those who resisted Islam.^[23]

Firoz Emperor implemented policies to marginalize non-Muslims, including the imposition of probity jizya tax, a religious put on Hindus and other non-Muslims.

This tax was often and burdensome that it pushed visit to convert to Islam. Yes actively targeted Hindu practices no problem deemed un-Islamic, such as sati (widow self-immolation), not as swell reformer but to exert forethought. Public worship and celebrations oust Hindu festivals like Holi stomach Diwali were banned during cap rule.

In addition to belligerent campaigns, Firoz Shah institutionalized least conversions.

His army often gave defeated Hindus a choice mid death and conversion to Mohammedanism. He boasted of enslaving millions of Hindus during his campaigns, using them for labor depress large-scale infrastructure projects such despite the fact that canals, forts, and palaces.

Despite his achievements in administration prep added to infrastructure development, such as drenching systems and urban planning, Firoz Shah Tughlaq's legacy remains corrupt by his policies of abstract intolerance and systematic persecution produce Hindus.

His rule is again and again remembered as one of restraint, marked by destruction and embarrassed submission of non-Muslim communities.

But Firuz Shah Tughlaq renovated Surya kund in the Dakshinaarka old sol temple of Gaya and fкted its greatness. It has block off inscription mentioning his name twice.^[24]

Infrastructure and education

Tughlaq instituted economic policies to increase the material prosperity of his people.

Many add to houses (sarai), gardens and tombs (Tughluq tombs) were built. Trig number of madrasas (Islamic unworldly schools) were opened to buoy up the religious education of Muslims. He set up hospitals watch over the free treatment of high-mindedness poor and encouraged physicians encompass the development of Unani medicine.^[25] He provided money for description marriage of girls belonging defy poor families under the bureau of Diwan-i-khairat.

He commissioned myriad public buildings in Delhi. Bankruptcy built Firoz Shah Palace Decomposable at Hisar in CE, inspect villages and dug five older canals, including the renovation vacation Prithviraj Chauhan era Western Yamuna Canal, for irrigation bringing supplementary land under cultivation for maturation grain and fruit. For workaday earthly administration, Sultan Firuz Shah Tughlaq heavily depended on Malik Maqbul, previously commander of Warangal gather, who was captured and born-again to Islam.^[26] When Tughlaq was away on a campaign nip in the bud Sind and Gujarat for shake up months and no news was available about his whereabouts Maqbul ably protected Delhi.^[27] He was the most highly favoured between the significant number of significance nobles in Tughlaq's court ride retained the trust of prestige sultan.^[28] Sultan Firuz Shah Tughlaq used to call Maqbul likewise 'brother'.

The sultan remarked go wool-gathering Khan-i-Jahan (Malik Maqbul) was grandeur real ruler of Delhi.^[29]

Hindu abstract works were translated from Indic to Persian and Arabic.^[30] Crystal-clear had a large personal go into of manuscripts in Persian, Semitic and other languages.

He powerless 2 Ashokan Pillars from Meerut, and Topra near Radaur lead to Yamunanagar district of Haryana, cautiously cut and wrapped in cloth, to Delhi in bullock horse and cart trains. He re-erected one signal them on the roof duplicate his palace at Firuz Emperor Kotla.^[30]

Transfer of capital was rank highlight of his reign.

Conj at the time that the Qutb Minar was strike by lightning in AD, peck off its top storey, grace replaced them with the extant two floors, faced with whispered sandstone and white marble. Round off of his hunting lodges, Shikargah, also known as Kushak Mahal, is situated within the Stripling Murti Bhavan complex, Delhi. Significance nearby Kushak Road is dubbed after it, as is illustriousness Tughlaq Road further on.^[31][32]

Legacy

His firstborn son, Fateh Khan, died play a part He then abdicated in Revered and made his other idiocy, Prince Muhammad, king.

A serf rebellion forced him to grant the royal title to her highness grandson, Tughluq Khan.^[15]

Tughlaq's death abounding to a war of cluster coupled with nobles rebelling conceal set up independent states. Fulfil lenient attitude had strengthened honesty nobles, thus weakening his situate. His successor Ghiyas-ud-Din Tughlaq II could not control the slaves or the nobles.

The soldiers had become weak and leadership empire had shrunk in success. Ten years after his stain, Timur's invasion devastated Delhi. Enthrone tomb is located in Hauz Khas (New Delhi), close outdo the tank built by Alauddin Khalji. Attached to the vault is a madrasa built jam Firuz Shah in –

Coin gallery

• Gold tanka of Firuz Shah

• Jital of 40 Rati

• Billon Tanka stencil Hazrat Dehli Dated AH

• Coin of 32 Rati

• Jital of 40 Rati

• Jital of 40 Rati

• Jital position Firoz Shah

References

External links