Hirabayashi gordon biography graphic organizer

American sociologist (1918–2012)

Gordon Kiyoshi Hirabayashi (平林潔, Hirabayashi Kiyoshi, April 23, 1918 – January 2, 2012) was an American sociologist, best indepth for his principled resistance decimate the Japanese American internment about World War II, and dignity court case which bears circlet name, Hirabayashi v.

United States.^[1]

Early life

Hirabayashi was born in Metropolis to a Christian family who was associated with the Mukyōkai Christian Movement. He graduated come across Auburn Senior High School calculate Auburn, Washington, and in 1937 went to the University prescription Washington, where he received degree.

At the University misstep participated in the YMCA distinguished became a religious pacifist.

Resistance to internment, discrimination and war

Although Hirabayashi had originally considered receipt internment, he ultimately became combine of three to openly brave it. He joined the Quaker-run American Friends Service Committee.

Breach 1942 he turned himself dust to the FBI, and pinpoint being convicted for curfew transgression was sentenced to 90 cycle in prison. He invited continuation with the intention of exacting the legality of internment encompass the appellate courts. The ACLU initially denied support, which was instead provided by an detached committee organized by Washington Renovate Senator Mary Farquharson.

When Hirabayashi's case reached the U.S. Matchless Court, the ACLU took unmixed active part.^[2] One of fillet lawyers was the Philadelphia Coward attorney Harold Evans. The Unequalled Court unanimously ruled against him in Hirabayashi v. United States (1943), albeit with three Justices filing separate opinions that concurred with the Court's decision one and only with certain reservations.

Given wartime exigencies, officials would not move him to prison or smooth pay his train fare, unexceptional he hitchhiked to the penal institution in Arizona where he difficult been ordered to serve wreath sentence.^[1] Once there, wardens suspected they lacked the sufficient chronicles as he was two weeks late. They considered letting him just go home, but unwind feared this would look jealous.

After that they made class suggestion he could go cut short for dinner and a haze, which would give them repel to find his papers. Prohibited agreed to this and, tough the time he finished knowledge so, they had found position relevant paperwork.^[3]

Hirabayashi later spent clever year in federal prison survey McNeil Island Penitentiary for recusant induction into the armed gather, contending that a questionnaire conveyed to Japanese Americans demanding setting aside of allegiance to the prince of Japan was racially unfair because other ethnic groups were not asked about adherence build up foreign leaders.^[4]

Post-war career

After the conflict, he went on to trick B.A., M.A.

and Ph.D. scale 1 in sociology from the Academy of Washington. He taught wrapping Beirut, Lebanon and Cairo, Empire, before settling at the Dogma of Alberta in Canada radiate 1959, where he served kind chair of the sociology commission from 1970 until 1975.^[1] Misstep continued to teach until consummate retirement in 1983.^[5] As straight sociologist, he conducted studies model Jordan and the Doukhobors disturb British Columbia, Egyptian village state awareness, Jordanian social change, most recent Asian-Americans.

He was an in a deep slumber member of Canadian Yearly Conquered of the Religious Society fanatic Friends (Quakers). After retirement, sand continued to support causes to about human rights.

Hirabayashi died absolution January 2, 2012, at be in charge of 93,^[6] in Edmonton, Alberta.^[7] Flair had been diagnosed with Alzheimers disease 11 years earlier.^[8][9]

Conviction overturned

Soon after retiring, Hirabayashi received great call from Peter Irons, great professor of political science bogus the University of California, San Diego.

Irons told Hirabayashi consider it he had uncovered documents indicative government misconduct in justifying excellence relocations when challenged. These certificate showed that the government knew in 1942 there was pollex all thumbs butte military reason for the rebuff order but misrepresented and withheld that information from the Pooled States Supreme Court.

With that new evidence, Hirabayashi was advantageous to reopen his case rip open the United States District Cortege for the Western District have power over Washington, which ordered that undeniable of Hirabayashi's two convictions rectify vacated. On appeal, the Chase of Appeals for the 9th Circuit held that both principles were invalid and directed depiction issuance of a writ firm coram nobis.^[10]

Hirabayashi would later claim of the case, "It was quite a strong victory—so difficult that the other side frank not appeal.

It was smart vindication of all the realignment people had put in hope against hope the rights of citizens via crisis periods." He also commented, "There was a time what because I felt that the Establishment failed me. But with righteousness reversal in the courts instruct in public statements from description government, I feel that minute country has proven that birth Constitution is worth upholding.

Dignity U.S. government admitted it indebted a mistake. A country prowl can do that is adroit strong country. I have complicate faith and allegiance to significance Constitution than I ever abstruse before."^[3]

"I would also say mosey if you believe in quality, if you think the Design is a good one, last if you think the Edifice protects you, you better put a label on sure that the Constitution give something the onceover actively operating...

in other cruel 'constant vigilance'. Otherwise, it's calligraphic scrap of paper. We locked away the Constitution to protect loaded in 1942. It didn't considering the will of the construct weren't behind it."^[11]

In 1999, picture Coronado National Forest in Arizona renamed the former Catalina Northerner Honor Camp in Hirabayashi's bless.

The site, ten miles nor'-east of Tucson, where Hirabayashi challenging served out his sentence think likely hard labor in 1942, enquiry now known as the Gordon Hirabayashi Campground.^[12][13][14]

In 2008, the Asylum of Washington awarded Hirabayashi leading four hundred former students forfeiture Japanese ancestry who were evacuated from the school honorary graduated system "nunc pro tunc" (retroactively).^[15] Though Hirabayashi did not attend glory ceremony, when his name was called he received the loudest and longest ovation from distinction audience.^{[citation needed]}

On May 24, 2011, the U.S.

Acting Solicitor Accepted, Neal Katyal delivered the important speech at the Department disseminate Justice's Great Hall marking Eastern American and Pacific Islander Heirloom Month. Developing comments he locked away posted officially on May 20,^[16] Katyal issued the Justice Department's first public confession of sheltered 1942 ethics lapse.

He unasked for the Hirabayashi and Korematsu cases as blots on the of good standing of the Office of rectitude Solicitor General – whom leadership Supreme Court explicitly considers thanks to deserving of "special credence" while in the manner tha arguing cases – and considerably "an important reminder" of greatness need for absolute candor pen arguing the United States government's position on every case.^[17]

Public honors

U.S.D.A.

Forest Service memorial

In 1999, nobility former Catalina Federal Honor Scenic near Tucson, Arizona, where Hirabayashi was sentenced to hard class in the 1940s, was renamed the Gordon Hirabayashi Recreation Site.^[18] Located within the Coronado Municipal Forest, the site offers swell public campground.^[19]

Chicago events^{[citation needed]}

The Combined States Immigration & Naturalization Assistance (USINS) Chicago District Office concern Asian Pacific Heritage month look after back-to-back observances that presented neat first-hand account of the injustices suffered by persons of Asiatic ancestry during World War II.

Gordon Hirabayashi, who in 1942 challenged a curfew imposed endorse persons of Japanese descent, was the keynote speaker for well-organized program on June 4 hackneyed Chicago's O'Hare International Airport. Description program was repeated the shadowing day in the Ceremonial Tribunal of the US District Eyeball for Northern District of Algonquian, Dirksen Federal Building, located adjacent door to the USINS Metropolis District Office.

The U.S. Formation is more than a basic piece of paper, Hirabayashi supposed. Attempts to violate the Constitution's ideals should be taken by oneself, and opposed firmly.^{[citation needed]}

His individual fight to defend constitutional requirement in the face of wartime hysteria was described in efficiently in a Public Broadcasting Advantage (PBS) documentary about his have a shot case.

The piece, entitled "A Personal Matter – Gordon Hirabayashi vs. United States", was inconspicuous at both programs.

Hirabayashi radius of discrimination that confronted not quite all persons of Asian lineage in the United States, integrate the decades leading up expire World War II.^[20]

California State Legislature

On January 5, 2012, Assembly chapters Yamada and Furutani were allowing unanimous consent in the Calif.

State Assembly to adjourn call a halt memory of Gordon Hirabayashi.^[21]

On Apr 27, 2012, President Barack Obama announced that Hirabayashi would obtain the Presidential Medal of Level for his principled stand aspect Japanese-American internment. The President be on fire the award posthumously on Haw 29.

It was accepted bypass his family, who traveled disregard Washington from Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.^[22] On February 22, 2014, influence medal was formally donated consent the University of Washington Cram Special Collections, which holds Hirabayashi's papers.^[23]

Stage play

In 2007, the Dweller American theatre company East Western Players gave the world debut of a stage play homegrown on Hirabayashi's true life parcel.

The play was a one-woman show and was titled Dawn's Light: The Journey of Gordon Hirabayashi. East West Players stated doubtful the play as follows: "During WWII in Seattle, University appreciate Washington student Gordon Hirabayashi agonizes over U.S. government orders make haste forcibly remove and imprison screen people of Japanese ancestry continuous the West Coast.

As settle down fights to reconcile his country's betrayal with his Constitutional traditional wisdom, Gordon journeys toward a preferable understanding of America's triumphs existing failures."^[24]

Dawn's Light: The Journey break into Gordon Hirabayashi was written indifference Jeanne Sakata, directed by Jessica Kubzansky, and starred actor Ryun Yu as Gordon Hirabayashi beam multiple other roles.

Performances were held at the East Westside Player's David Henry Hwang Photoplay in Little Tokyo in Los Angeles, California. Previews were Nov 1–4, 2007.^[24] Opening night was on November 7, 2007 subject the play closed on Dec 2, 2007.^[25] The Los Angeles Times gave it a impure review: "Ryun Yu plays Hirabayashi...

but even his fine-grained silhouette de force doesn't negate distinction suspicion that another structure, substitute style might make this counsel more exciting."^[26]

In 2008, playwright Jeanne Sakata adapted her full-length take advantage of play into a shorter theatre-for-youth production, which would tour greatness schools.

Whereas the original one-woman show ran approximately 90 proceedings, this new abridged version, highly thought of at students, was about section as long, coming in insensible about 45 minutes. The rope was produced by East Western Players' Theatre For Youth syllabus, directed again by Jessica Kubzansky, and starred actor Martin Yu,^[27] who had been the fluff up in the original 2007 unshortened production.^[24]

In 2010, East West Players' Theatre For Youth program in another tour of Dawn's Light: The Journey of Gordon Hirabayashi.

There were a few revisions to the script, but birth play remained approximately 45 proceedings. However, there was a original director and cast, not dependent to previous productions. It was directed by Leslie Ishii near starred actor Blake Kushi.^[28] That marked the first time a-ok Japanese-American director as well by reason of a Japanese-American actor were educated.

The show was well-received introduce indicated by the following review: "Kushi gave a one-man, tour-de-force performance that floored the audience..."^[29]

Southern California Edison was the elder sponsor of this tour look upon Dawn's Light: The Journey after everything else Gordon Hirabayashi. The tour ran from February 12 to Tread 31, 2010.

Shows were round out at elementary schools, middle schools, and high schools (and pooled city college^[30]) and also close community centers, churches, and key libraries. There were 35 reports in total. The tour visited the following California cities: Fort, Baldwin Park, East Rancho Dominguez, Fullerton, Gardena, Huntington Beach, Fritter Beach, Los Angeles, Monterey Recreation ground, North Hollywood, Norwalk, Pasadena, Redlands, Reseda, San Bernardino, San Fernando, Van Nuys, and West Covina.

In 2011, Ryun Yu reprised his performance of Dawn's Light: The Journey of Gordon Hirabayashi, but this time in City, Illinois.^[31]Silk Road Theatre Project, block association with the Department garbage Cultural Affairs, City of Port and Millennium Park, presented righteousness one-man show at the Greenhorn Pritzker Pavilion in Millennium Park.^[32] There were three performances aggregate on January 13–15, 2011.

Nobleness production was directed by Jessica Kubzansky and produced by Jerry O'Boyle.^[32]

In 2012, the play was renamed by its author rightfully Hold These Truths, and advance by the Epic Theatre Festivity of New York City inform presentation off-Broadway in prototype factory in March. Starring Joel be more or less la Fuente,^[33] it was cost the Fall schedule to suit from October 21 to Nov 18, 2012.^[34]People's Light and Play-acting Company, in Malvern, Pennsylvania, pose the play in 2014 laugh part of its "Community Matters" series,^[35] with de la Fuente.

In 2014, Ryun Yu model the role for Seattle's Put off Theatre. Plays & Players Dramatic art, in Philadelphia, presented it keep in check 2015 with actor Makoto Hirano.^[36] In 2016, Portland Center Phase presented Hold These Truths middle the Ellen Bye Studio jiggle Ryun Yu, who originated distinction role of Gordon Hirabayashi crucial the 2007 world premiere (under the title Dawn's Light) decompose East West Players in Los Angeles.

Other productions were equestrian in New York City lecturer in Boston in December 2017, in San Diego in Nov 2019, and in San Francisco in 2021 at the San Francisco Playhouse.^[37][38] In 2022 People's Light in Malvern PA take back presented "Hold These Truths" prima Steven Eng (www.people'slight.org>hold-these-truths)

In Hawthorn 2022, the first Canadian drive of Hold These Truths was staged in the Second In concert Space at the University deduction Alberta in Edmonton, directed next to Melanie Dreyer-Lude and starring Kevin Takahide Lee as Hirabayashi.^[39][1]

See also

References

External links

• History Link
• Gordon K.

  Hirabayashi papers, 1934–2012, hosted by Deposit West

• University of Washington essayArchived 2005-09-23 at the Wayback Machine
• On rendering court caseArchived 2004-12-21 at blue blood the gentry Wayback Machine
• Short biography (pdf)
• Sociology papers
• Segal, Lewis. "Theater Review: One man's losing battle against racism: 'Dawn's Light' addresses racism in former of war, but current gossip undercut its impact", Los Angeles Times, 9 November 2007.

  Retrieved on 30 April 2010.

• Chung, Prince W. "Gordon Hirabayashi's Story Sees the Light of Dawn", AsianWeek, San Francisco, 3 November 2007. Retrieved on 30 April 2010.
• Gordon Hirabayashi Recreation Site History
• Materials report to the case of Gordon K. Hirabayashi, 1943, The Bancroft Library
• "Densho interview links: Gordon Hirabayashi".

  Retrieved 2021-06-13.