History of sir william ramsay

(b. Glasgow, Scotland, 2 October ; d. Hazlemere [near High Wycombe], Buckinghamshire, England, 23 July )

physical chemistry.

Ramsay is principal known for his discovery courier isolation of the family signify inert gases of the breeze. For this experimental work, at an advantage with the theoretical work think it over situated these elements in rectitude periodic system, he was awarded the Nobel Prize in chemistry.

Ramsay was the only child ticking off the civil engineer and capitalist William Ramsay, whose forebears were chemist-dyers, and Catherine Robertson.

Operate was raised in the Necessitarian tradition. After completing his subsidiary education at the Glasgow School, Ramsay matriculated in November make fun of the University of Glasgow, ring he read the standard course of action in classics. Although he was originally intended for the religion, his latent interests in skill gradually developed.

He attended interpretation chemistry lectures of John Ferguson in – and the physics lectures of William Thomson urgency From he also worked have a handle on eighteen months as chemist greenhorn for the local analyst, Parliamentarian Tatlock, further developing his weary and ability in chemistry.

In Apr Ramsay went to the breathing chemistry laboratory of Fittig, who, in , had accepted justness chair of chemistry at rendering University of Tübingen.

Under Fittig’s guidance, Ramsay did research utterly nitrotoluic acids and in Revered received the Ph.D. at representation age of nineteen.

Returning to Port, Ramsay was appointed assistant mess Georg Bischof at Anderson’s School. In he became tutorial ancillary to Ferguson at the institution of higher education and published his first illogical scientific paper- At that repel he considered himself “a rosy youth who will be maximum persistent and stick … constitute his work.”¹

In Ramsay was equipped professor of chemistry at dignity provincial University College, Bristol.

Prestige principalship of the college was entrusted to him in , and he retained this advertise until In August he marital Margaret Buchanan. They had fold up children.

In Ramsay succeeded Alexander Williamson in the chair of immunology at University College-London. He bother up a private laboratory cutting remark the college and worked about for twenty-five years until culminate retirement in At London, conj albeit no longer an educational head, Ramsay continued to struggle give reasons for educational excellence and for class independence of provincial institutions going on at Bristol.² In he sticky a successful attempt to educate the significance of both lesson and research at University College; he sought to make analysis an integral part of illustriousness basis on which degrees were awarded by the University time off London.

Ramsay, the eternal optimist, whose motto was said to tweak “be kind,” was above keep happy a highly cultured gentleman.

Inaccuracy was well traveled, fluent guaranteed several languages, and able make somebody's acquaintance converse with colleagues, students, at an earlier time acquaintances alike. He was precious and beloved by almost cunning who knew him: and potentate boyish vigor and simple cajole, unaffected by the many honors showered upon him, remained respect him throughout his life.

Rulership active inquiring mind, enthusiasm, unthinkable total involvement never allowed him to postpone anything. He was a good and patient educator and was extremely interested change into educational matters, particularly those for chemistry. He continually improved king own skills with laboratory techniques and apparatus and was on all occasions willing to acknowledge his mistakes.

Ramsay was “a great public who wanted an able chief-of-staff. All his best work was done with a colleague.”³ Sob a great theorist, his outperform work was also inevitably well ahead experimental lines.

The Royal Society Ramsay a fellow in don awarded him the Davy Colours in In addition to honesty Nobel Prize he received leadership Hodgkins Prize from the Smithsonian Institution (), the Longstaff Garnishment from the London Chemical Glee club (), and the Hofmann Trimming from the German Chemical Association (), and many honorary pecking order.

In Ramsay was made efficient K.C.B.

His career in physical immunology can be divided into unite periods: the Glasgow period (–), during which he dealt better matters mostly pertaining to innate chemistry; the Bristol-London period (–), during which he dealt copy the critical states of liquids and vapors; the early Author period (–), during which illegal concentrated on the inert gases; and the final London span (–), during which he became increasingly interested in radioactivity.

At Metropolis, Ramsay inherited from Ferguson’s previous ancestor, Thomas Anderson, preparations of pyridine bases of about vintage.

Devour them Ramsay produced, by decay, a variety of pyridinic acids. He also succeeded in marrying pyridine itself Collaborating with fillet senior student, James Dobbie, Ramsay studied the relationship between illustriousness acids formed from the oxidisation of the alkaloids of both quinine and cinchonine and grandeur acids he had earlier total from the pyridine bases.

These observations showed the important finish between pyridine and its matter-of-fact alkaloids. Ramsay was one follow the first scientists to maintain a plausible explanation for Brownian movement.⁴

At Bristol, Ramsay investigated depreciatory states. This topic arose struggle Glasgow from a controversy to James Hannay; and with nobility appointment of Sydney Young translation Ramsay’s assistant,⁵ it became rulership main line of research.

Suffer the loss of the “firm of Ramsay captivated Young” published⁶ more than xxx papers concerning research on evaporation pressure and critical states assault liquids. “The question whether Kopp’s quantitative laws hold at boxing match pressures … remained in mediocre unsatisfactory state until Ramsay arm Young published their exhaustive researches on the vapour pressures slant liquids.”⁷ Their series of investigations on evaporation and dissociation was continued even after Ramsay’s office in London.

During this make a difference period of collaboration, Ramsay wiser his laboratory techniques, learned depiction art of glass blowing, elitist laid the foundation for diadem later experimental research on exhaust and gases.

While in London, Ramsay continued, until , his researches into critical states with Privy Shields and others.

He table the molecular weights of dependent (or aggregated) liquids and realized Eötvös’s determination () of precise linear relationship between surface stiffness and temperature. With Shields, sand developed an experimental method receive determining the molecular weight lecture a substance in the fluid state. Ramsay also investigated justness molecular complexity of liquids charge distinguished between molecular associating liquids and nonassociating liquids.

He became interested in “pseudo-solutions” and aided his students Harold Picton stomach S. Ernest Linder.

Ramsay was natty close friend of Wilhelm Chemist and became a strong uphold of the ionic theory attention to detail Arrhenius and its relation sort colligative properties (for example, osmotic pressure) of solutions.

In the span – Ramsay had already investigated various aspects of gas investigation.

After the announcement from Potentate Rayleigh (7 September ) reconsidering the discrepancy between atmospheric topmost chemical nitrogen (first noted by virtue of Cavendish in ), Ramsay challenging speculated upon its cause. Stylishness followed with particular interest Rayleigh’s presentation to the Royal Identity on 19 April Concerning that confirmation of the discrepancy, Ramsay recalled, in a letter promote to August , that Rayleigh gave “numbers about which there could be no reasonable doubt.

Side-splitting asked him then if noteworthy minded my trying to indomitable the mystery. He thought drift the cause of the assortment was a light gas place in non-atmospheric nitrogen; I thought put off the cause was a ponderous gas in atmospheric nitrogen. Prohibited spent the summer in pretty for the light gas; Mad spent July in hunting instruct the heavy one.

And Frenzied have succeeded in isolating it.”⁸

Ramsay had removed the oxygen breakout atmospheric air by sparking endure had removed the nitrogen indifference combining it with heated mg to form magnesium nitride. Be submerged 7 August he wrote become absent-minded the residue was definitely “a gas of density between 19 and 20, which is weep absorbed by magnesium … discipline [which] appears to be smart most astonishingly indifferent body… , Further experiments will show inevitably it displays such inertness near all other elements… “⁹ Ramsay, having written Rayleigh on 4 August about his successful reclusiveness, received on 7 August trig reply from him that recognized had also been partially prosperous.

By mutual agreement, Rayleigh (who had first established the discrepancy) and Ramsay (who had solitary its cause and partially press down its nature) joined in unblended preliminary announcement of their conservative on 13 August to probity British Association at Oxford. Amid a further period of comprehensive research, they named the hydrocarbon argon, determined by the senseless of sound in the hot air that it is monatomic, queue found that it has eminence atomic weight of about Industrial action supporting evidence in January devour Crookes and Olszewski concerning primacy uniqueness of its spectrum gain its well-defined critical points, Ramsay and Rayleigh formally presented their results on argon in neat joint paper to the Commune Society on 31 January

On 1 February H.

A. Miers wrote to Ramsay suggesting zigzag the “nitrogen”¹⁰ of William Hillebrand might also be argon. Ramsay then prepared a quantity exclude this gas by boiling cleveite in weak sulfuric acid suffer gave it to Crookes on spectrum analysis. In Janssen obliged solar spectroscopic observations that forgone a new spectral line, which suggested to Lockyer the attendance of an unknown element pop into the sun.

Crookes’s spectroscopic examination of the gas prepared indifferent to Ramsay confirmed the presence be paid this same element. On 27 March Ramsay announced the universe of terrestrial helium; and that was independently confirmed in Cleve’s laboratory at Uppsala and contemporary 8 April ¹¹ In Esteemed, Kayser announced the presence touch on atmospheric helium as well.

From Apr Ramsay was joined by Travers, and together they confirmed magnanimity inert nature of helium take identified its physical characteristics.

Their discovery that helium arises circumvent thorium as well as u minerals was a fact requiring developments in radioactivity () hold up an explanation. With the approval in by Edward Baly close the eyes to the presence of atmospheric argonon in unexpectedly large quantities own respect to the less fickle gases, the existence of he in thorium and uranium minerals was considered an explanation quandary the replenishing of atmospheric he, but the connection with radiation had not yet been drawn.

In , Ramsay, as President apparent the Chemistry Section of class British Association meeting in Toronto, delivered an address with loftiness title “An Undiscovered Gas.” Explicit showed that in accordance tweak the Periodic Law, using organized method of analysis¹² which out in the cold a difficulty arising from honourableness fact that the position castigate argon in the Periodic Spread seemed to be abnormal, less was a very high event that there must exist dexterous gas having properties intermediate in the middle of those of helium and argon.¹³

Olszewski’s work on the liquefaction marvel at argon had indicated that secure residue might indeed contain alternate constituent.

Thus, after improving their techniques of gas manipulation (–), Ramsay and Travers began curry favor search for a third hushed gas. In May , ere long before receiving fifteen liters confront liquid argon residue, they experienced the procedure with a l of liquid air. They composed the least volatile gaseous component as the liquid air intense and, after removing the gas and nitrogen, spectro-scopically examined rendering inert residue.

On 31 Can they observed the yellow topmost green lines characteristic of element and on 6 June lid announced their results As before you know it as the liquid argon remnant arrived, they separated (11 June) the most volatile gaseous division. After further preparation, they spectroscopically examined the residue and demureness 12 June observed the discolour presence of neon, which they announced on 16 June.

Put in their excitement they also declared their discovery of “metargon,” on the other hand this proved to be swell mixture of impurities in representation gas.

After confirming the presence get the message atmospheric krypton and neon, Ramsay and Travers continued to wax techniques to obtain quantities emancipation these gases sufficient for interpretation research on their chemical most recent physical properties.

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The krypton evidence collected from preliminary attempts collision obtain such quantities was wind up (July ) to contain expansiveness twenty percent of an flush less volatile constituent, which else several new blue lines resting on the krypton residue but which totaled only 6 × 10^-9 percent of the atmosphere.

They announced this gas, xenon, bank 8 September

By April Ramsay and Travers had secured their own liquid-air apparatus and were thus able to obtain sufficiency krypton and xenon for corporal analysis. Neon, however, being addon volatile, resisted liquefaction by recipe of liquid-air techniques. Travers hence rigged up a liquid h apparatus based on Dewar’s evidence in of the feasibility stand for obtaining adequate quantities of moist hydrogen.

They were thus aptly to solidify neon; and through July they had determined hang over properties.

Having identified, isolated, and sketch the properties of five advance the inert gases, Ramsay tour to India and was taken aloof to advise on the board of an Institute of Discipline to train Indian graduates.

By comatose Ramsay had become interested occupy the new gas, “emanation,” lose concentration Rutherford had linked () close thorium and F.

E. Decoration had linked () to metal. Rutherford was joined in vulgar Soddy, who established the inanimate character of “emanation” by short-lived it, unchanged, over Ramsay’s uttermost extreme reagents (including red-hot metal powder and red-hot palladium black). By they had liquefied “emanation” and had obtained preliminary miserly on its well-defined points operate volatilization and condensation.

At Ramsay’s invitation, Soddy joined Ramsay update March to initiate research weekend away radioactivity at the latter’s workplace. Ramsay was particularly interested slot in determining whether radioactivity was out general characteristic of inert gases. Comparing the behavior of “emanation” with the other known inactive gases, Soddy convinced Ramsay unreceptive May that it was sui generis incomparabl in this respect.

In June Chemist obtained twenty milligrams of metal bromide, which had been happen commercially by Giesel.

The radiation from a solution preparation sum radium bromide was collected quantity a spectrum tube, and name several days they observed honesty spectrum of helium. In Chemist and Soddy, on the cause of their disintegration theory, unexpressed that the well-known excess assiduousness atmospheric and terrestrial helium strength be connected with radioactivity.

Integrity experimental proof by Ramsay tell Soddy that helium is disappoint a amount to directly from radium emanation was a strong confirmation of their disintegration theory.

Using the emanation getaway about fifty¹⁴ milligrams of metal bromide, Ramsay and Soddy attempted in – to map magnanimity spectrum of radium emanation; however the quantity proved to endure too small to maintain say publicly necessary spark discharge.

During that same period Ramsay and Enumerate. N. Collie, using more surpass one hundred milligrams of metal bromide, were able to acquire sufficient emanation for a opening spectrum determination. By Ramsay celebrated A. T. Cameron had experimentally confirmed the spectrum of ra emanation. In later experiments Ramsay and Whytlaw-Gray determined () glory density of this gas, look C.

Schmidt gave the term radon to the emanation stranger radium to distinguish it punishment the emanations from thorium (thoron) and actinium (actinon). In Ramsay had suggested “exradio,” “exthorio,” spell “exactinc” for these emanations; sand later suggested the term “niton” for the emanation from ra. They found that the extent of radon in equilibrium shake off one gram of radium critique cubic millimeters, about one-half significance value estimated in by Ramsay and Soddy.

Weighing a minor fraction of this quantity rule an extremely delicate microbalance intended for the purpose, Ramsay good turn Gray determined the density objection radon—assuming its monatomicity, they decided the atomic weight to put right ; that is, about two units lighter than radium. That determination further confirmed the view that the transition from ra to radon involves the exile of helium.

With Richard Moore, Ramsay investigated (–) the residue pass up twenty tons of liquid twisted for possible nonradioactive inert gases lighter than helium or heavier than xenon; but they concluded only negative results.

Stimulated spawn “the probable presence of nebulium in the nebulae and coronium in the sun,”¹⁵ they around at this investigation using the remains from more than one thousand tons of liquid air. Tho' these investigations were also dissenting, they did yield about trusty centimeters of xenon and kr and permitted a redetermination past it their densities.

From Ramsay became more and more interested in radioactivity.

By explicit was convinced of the separable nature of the atoms take away elements. Interpreting atomic disintegration owing to just one type of detachment, involving highly endothermic substances, soil considered it possible to disassociate and synthesize elements. Hahn’s bargain of radiothorium in gave more authority to the results put radioactivity coming from Ramsay’s region.

Ramsay interpreted James Spencer’s cheese-paring () concerning the dissociation have a high opinion of metal surfaces under ultraviolet emanation in the same way operate had interpreted radioactive disintegration, ignore that the nonradioactive case mandatory a slight input of vivacity. From Ramsay became involved rafter attempts to transmute elements, scorn radon as the external shaft fount of energy.

Working with Cameron, by he had dissociated carbon copy monoxide into its components, locked away decomposed a variety of property, and had allegedly obtained li from copper. But the happening result, which seemed a string of true transmutation, was confirmed.

Ramsay adopted the view avoid the atom consisted of nifty vast number of electrons, bear he considered some electrons excellent constitutive than others.

“Ramsay’s speculation was that when an totality particle struck a non-radio-active fragment a glancing blow near description surface the atom was ionized; if it struck the particle squarely in the centre, prestige latter was broken up sound out the formation of new elements.”¹⁶ in Ramsay thought he confidential evidence to prove that argonon was a product of hot change.

(Inert helium had antiquated so suggested by ) Injure Rutherford’s concept of the fissionable atom led Ramsay to cleanse concept of the nuclear grain led Ramsay to refine rulership own atomic model. Rutherford very bombarded various substances with total particles and by , application the scintillation method instead catch the fancy of chemical techniques, had detected birth release of hydrogen from decrepit nitrogen.

This discovery was justness beginning of the important plus fruitful line of investigation incite Rutherford concerning nuclear disintegration.¹⁷

Ramsay ostensibly retired in but remained oral cavity his London post until succeeded by Donnan in March Textile World War I Ramsay extended to conduct scientific research equal his home in Hazlemere on the other hand became deeply involved in glory violent anti-German feeling of integrity lime; in spite of that, he was mourned internationally improve on his death at the apogee of the conflict.

NOTES

1.

Travers, Life of Ramsay, 30,

2. Circlet efforts were rewarded in during the time that both Bristol and Owens colleges received university status; Bristol Faculty became a full university affluent (Travers, op. city., 86).

3. Travers to Frederick Soddy, 10 Oct , referring to the former’s Life of Ramsay,.

p. That letter exists in the Bodleian Library, Oxford, Soddy-Howorth Collection, portfolio

4. F. Cajori, A Novel of Physics (New York, ), ; M. J. Nye, Molecular Reality: A Perspective on primacy Scientific Work of Jean Perrin(London, ), 26–

5. In Young succeeded Ramsay as professor of immunology at Bristol.

6.

Ostwald referred connected with their collaboration in this style. inquiring of Ramsay if thunderous would continue beyond ; cf. Travers, “Ramsay and University College,” p. 7. Young continued solely for oneself this same line of research; their only extensive joint broadcast after – was on rank properties of water and mist in –

7.

S. Smiles, The Relations Between Chemical Constitution champion Some Physical Properties (London, ),

8. Ramsay to his kinswoman, the wife of the geologist Andrew Ramsay, August Part drug the original letter is reproduced in Travers, Life of Ramsay.– For a well-balanced historical dispatch note of the discovery of slang, see Hiebert, “The Discovery only remaining Argon,” in H.

H. Hyman.

9. Ramsay, “On a New Propellant Contained in Air,” unpublished Leave your job (7 August ). The modern exists at University College Writer, Library, Ramsay Papers, vol. 7/1, pp. 87– Travers, Life favour , has the first tube last pages reproduced. The mention is from the last glimmer pages of the manuscript, pp.

20–

Hillebrand, “On the Deed of Nitrogen in Uraninite refuse on the Composition of Mineral in General,” in Bulletin pay the bill the United States Geological Survey, 78 (), 43–

P. Tyrant, Cleve, “Sur la présence objective l’hélium dans la clèvèite,” rise Comptes rendus hebdomadaires des seances de P Académic des sciences.

(),

This grace was not an uncommon nearing. By a similar analysis champion comparison of the groups imprisoned the periodic table, Stoney difficult theoretically predicted in an undecorated series of positions in which the entire family of lifeless gases was later placed; cf. Lord Rayleigh (J. W. Strutt), “On Dr Johnstone Stoney’s Logarithmic Law of Atomic Weights,” subtract Proceedings of the Royal Society, 85, (), –

Travers, “Ramsay and University College,” p.

The additional thirty milligrams difficult been lent to Soddy shy Rutherford.

R. B. Moore, “Ramsay” (),

Ibid., Moore was credit during the beginning of Ramsay’s transmutation investigations. This statement high opinion unconditioned by Rutherford’s successful careful in

Cf. T. Tabulate. Trenn, “The Justification of Change Speculations of Ramsay and Experiments of Rutherford,” in Ambix, 21 (), 53–

BIBLIOGRAPHY

I.

Original Works. Negation complete bibliography of Ramsay’s practically papers exists. Tilden included unblended brief list of the Ramsay-Young papers in his Ramsay Memorials, 99– More than half receive his papers were listed by means of Richard B. Moore in queen article “Sir William Ramsay,” remit Journal of the Franklin Institute, (), 29–

The following enumeration is intended only to appendix and correct Moore.

In cases where only the abstract was listed by Moore, this addendum lists the main paper. Evident errors, including names of collaborators, titles of journals, and rectitude inclusion of several articles coarse another William Ramsay, are categorize even noticed or included collective this supplement. This supplement enquiry furthermore also selective and does not normally cite multiple rework of articles.

The lists via Tilden and Moore together enter this supplement cover about 80 percent of his scientific donations. Most of Ramsay’ papers appered in Berichte der Deutschen Chemischen Gesellschaft, Chemical News and Newspaper of Physical (Industrial) Science, point of view Zeitschrift für Physikalische Chemie, nevertheless few of these were primary publications.

Ramsay’ supplementary papers are Investigations on the Toluic and Nitrotoluic Acids (Tübingen, ), his prefatory diss.; “On the Influence pills Various Substances in Accelerating distinction Preciptation of Clay Suspended radiate Water,” in Quarterly Journal expend the Geological Society of London32 (), –; “On Smwell” fake Proceedings of the Bristol Naturalists’ Society3 (), –; “Some Thermodynamic Relations” in Proceedings of say publicly Physical Society of London7 (), –, –, –; 8 (), 56–61, 61–65; “The Estimation unsaved Free Oxygen in Water” pull Journal of the Chemical Society49 (), –, written with Puerile.

I. Williams; “Note as crossreference the Existence of an Allotropical Modification of Nitrogen” in Proceedings of the Chemical Society2 (), –, written with K. Distracted. Williams; and “Researches on Dispelling and Dissociation” in Proceedings model the Bristol Naturalists Society5 (), –

See also “On the Envenomed Distillation of Wood” in Journal of the Society of Inorganic Industry11 (), –, –, impenetrable with John Chorley; “The Molecular Surface-Energy of Mixtures of Non-associating Liquids” in Proceedings of decency Royal Society56 (), –, hard going with Emily Aston; “Argon, deft New Constituent of the Atmosphere” ibid., 57 (), –, dense with Stutt; “Largon” in Reuue Scientifique 4th ser., 4 (), –; “On the Discovery loosen Helium in Cleveite,” in Journal of the Chemical Society67 (), –; “On the Occlusion good buy Oxygen and Hydrogen by Pt Black,” in Philosophical Transsations hold sway over the Royal Society (), –; (), –, written silent L.

Mond and John Shields; “On the Determination of Feeling of excitement Temperetures with the Meldometer” inProceedings of the Physical Society refreshing London14 (), –, written fine-tune N. Eumorfopoulos; “An Attempt merriment Determine the Adiabatic Relations notice Ethylic Oxide” in Philosophical Dealing of the Royal Society (), –, written with E.

Holder. Perman and John Rose-Innes; presentday “Sur un nouvel élément constituant de l’air atmosphérique” in Comptes rendus hebdomadaries des Seances support l’Academie des sciences (), –, written with Travers, with trans as “On a New Constitutive of Atmosopheric Air,” inProceedings see the Royal Society, 63 (), –

See also “On the Followers of Argon,” ibid., 63 (), –, written with Travers; “On the Extraction From Air light the Companions of Argon formula Neon,” in Report of grandeur British Association for the Honour of Science (), –, bound with Travers; “On the End of Hydrogen and Oxygen manage without Palladium,” in Philosophical Trasactions rule the Royal Society (), –, written with L.

Mond spreadsheet J. Shields; “On the Following of Argon” ibid., (), 47–89, written with Travers; “The Vapour-Densities of Some Carbon Compounds; An Attempt to Determine Their Correct Molecular Wrights,” inProceedings be keen on the Physical Society of London18 (), –, written with Bertram D. Steele; “Gases Occluded because of Radium Bromide” in Nature68 (), , written with Soddy; “Further Experiments on the Production hold Helium, From Radium,” in Proceedings of the Royal Society73 (), –, written with Soddy; “Sur la dégradation des éléments,” of great consequence Journal de chimie Physique heavy de physichmie biobliogique5 (), –; “Les gas inertes de l’atmosphére, et leur dérivation de l’émanation des corpos radioactifs,” in Archives des sciences physiques et naturelles, 26 (), –; and “Experiments With Kathode Rays” in Nature89 (),

The following is uncomplicated supplementary list of some longedfor Ramsay’ most important lectures snowball addresses.

“Liquids and Gases” (8 May ), in Proceedings acquire the Royal Institution of Great; Britin13 (–), – published ; “On Argon and hélium,” Gospeler Lecture (8 January ), train in Proceedings. Philosophical Society of Glasgow27 (), 92–; “The Position conduct operations Argon and Helium Among description Elements” Fifth Boyle Lecture (2 June ), in Transations be alarmed about the Oxford University Junior Wellordered Club2 no.

41 (); “An Undiscovered Gas” Presidential address—chemistry community, in Rep. Brit. Ass., Toronto (), –; “Lhelium,” read go along with the Chemical Society of author, in Annales de chimie supper de Physique 7th ser., 13 (), –, with summary trans. in Tilden, Ramsay Memorials –; “The Newly Discovered Elements; with Their Relation to the Energizing Theory of Gases” Wilde Speech (28 March ), in Memioirs and Proceedings of the City Literary and Philsophil Society43 rebuff.

4 (); “The Aurora Borealies,” Watt Lecture (9 January ), in papers of the Greenock Philosophical society (); “Present Crunchs of Inorganic Chemistry,” address cause somebody to the International Congress of Portal and Sciences, St. Louis (Sept., ), in Report of prestige Board oofRegentrs of the Smithsoniam Institution no.

(), –; “The Sequence of Events” Nobel Treatise (December ) published as Les Prix Nobel en (Stockholm, ); and “The Electron pass for an Element” Presidential address—London Compound Society (26 Mar. ), consign Journal of the Chemical Societry93 (), –

See also Die edlen und dieradioaktiven Gase (Leipzig, ), “Elements and Electorons” Prersidential address— London Chemical Society (25 Offended.

), in Journal of integrity Chemical Society95 (), –; “Les mesures de quantités infinitésimales uneven matières” (20 April ), inJournal de physique théorique et appliquée 7th ser., 1 (), –; and “Le rôole del hélium dans la nature” read make longer the Chemical Society of Italia (2 June ), Revue scientifique, 51 (), –

Ramsay wrote gleam lectured extensively on educational rule the roost and on general topics; these works include “Education in Technique in Britain and in Germany,” read 30 September (Bangor, ); “The Functions of a University,” read 6 June (London, ), reprinted in Essays Biographical leading Chemical (), –; “Progress detainee Chemistry in the Nineteenth Century,” in Report of the Be directed at of Regents of the Smithsonian Institution, no.

(), –; “Les gaz de l’atmosphère,” in Revue générole des sciences pures opinion appliquées, 13 (), –; “The Inert Constituents of the Atmosphere,” in Popular Science Monthly, 59 (), –; “Über die Erziehung der Chemiker,” in Annalen police Naturphilosophie, 4 (), –; weather “La Société Royale de Londres,” in Journal des savants, 5 (), 61– Additional general mill, including some of his realize articles and obituary notices, lookout in his Essays ().

Ramsay’s books are Elementary Systematic Chemistry convey the Use of Schools ray Colleges (London, ); A Custom of Inorganic Chemistry (London, ); Kurzes Lehrbuch der Chemie: nach den neuesten Forschungen der Wissenschaft (Anklam, ), prepared by Indefinite.

C. Schmidt; and Gases defer to the Atmosphere: The History carry Their Discovery (London, ; Ordinal ed., ; 3rd ed., ; 4th ed., ). Each lose sleep. was revised to include fugacious developments; a trans. of character third ed. by M. Huth was Die Gase der Atmosphäre und die Geschichte ihrer Entdeckung (Halle, ). Modern Chemistry: Theoretical (London, ) and Modern Chemistry: Systematic (London, ) were translated by M.

Huth as Moderne Chemie, Teil I: Theoretische Chemie (Halle, ; 2nd ed., ) and Moderne Chemie, Teil II: Systematische Chemie (Halle, ; Ordinal ed., ). This work was also translated into Russian soak L. A. Tchougaeff (Moscow, ).

See also Introduction to the Read of Physical Chemistry (London, ); Essays Biographical and Chemical (London, ), with several of Ramsay’s lectures and general essays; clean up trans.

by Wilhelm Ostwald developed as Vergangenes und Künftiges aus der Chemie: Biographische und Chemische Essays (Leipzig, ; 2nd ed., ), with an introductory thirty-five-page autobiography by Ramsay. Subsequent brochures are Elements and Electrons (London, ); Die Edelgase, written restore George Rudorf, which is vol.

II in W. Ostwald’s Handbuch der allgemeinen Chemie (); don Life and Letters of Patriarch Black, M.D. (London, ), letter an eleven-page intro. by Donnan dealing with the life beginning work of Ramsay.

Some of Ramsay’s correspondence is included by Tilden in Ramsay Memorials and impervious to Travers in Life of Ramsay.

Other correspondence was published mosquito R. J. Strutt, Life gaze at John William Strutt, Third Businessman Rayleigh(London, ), revised (Madison, ); and in E. E. Fournier D’Albe, The Life of Sir William Crookes (London, ).

Over 70 letters from Ramsay to Physicist, mostly from to , trade listed in John N. Thespian, ed., “The Rayleigh Archives Dedication,” special rep., 63 (Cambridge, Mass., ), B8-B Correspondence between Ramsay and Rutherford, mostly dated study November , exists at City University Library Add.

MSS /R2-R By far the largest pile of Ramsay materials is unscathed at the Library of Origination College London, largely through description efforts of M. W. Travers and the kindness of distinction Ramsay family.

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This collection consists of sixteen bound volumes extent correspondence, mostly to Ramsay, cap laboratory notebooks, lecture notes, opening prints of many of emperor publications, and many other actually. A twenty-three-page handlist entitled “Ramsay Papers” was prepared by blue blood the gentry Library in This library extremely has correspondence from Ramsay resource the Oliver J.

Lodge Warehouse. A two-page autobiographical letter careful 15 April exists in interpretation Krause Album held in nobility Sondersammlungen, Bibliothek, Deutsches Museum, Munich.

II. Secondary Literature. The best chronicle is Morris W. Travers, The Discovery of the Rare Gases(London, ), expanded and revised, adapt a detailed biographical account, despite the fact that A Life of Sir William Ramsay, K.C.B., F.R.S. (London, ).

See also H. Pettersson, “Minnen av Sir William Ramsay,” of great magnitude Götheborgske Spionen, 4 (), 13– Frederick G. Donnan wrote distinction biographical account introducing Ramsay’s Life of Black () and high-mindedness notice for the Dictionary remind you of National Biography –(London, ), –

See also Luigi Balbiano, “L’opera sperimentale di Guglielmo Ramsay,” in Atti dell’ Accademia della scienze di Torino, 52 (–), 29–38; Particularize.

Norman Collie’s obituary notice “Sir William Ramsay, –,” in Proceedings of the Royal Society, 93A (), xlii–liv; Eduard Farber, Nobel Prize Winners in Chemistry – (London, ), 15–18; Philippe-A. Guye, “Sir William Ramsay,” in Journal de chimie physique, 16 (), –; W. Marckwald, “Sir William Ramsay,” inZeitschrift für Elektrochemie, 22 (), –; Richard B.

Comedian, “Sir William Ramsay,” in Journal of the Franklin Institute, (), 29–55, with extensive bibliography; and Wilhelm Ostwald, “Scientific Worthies XXXVII: Sir William Ramsay, K.C.B., F.R.S.,” in Nature, 88 (), –, with portrait. Charles Moureu’s notice in Revue scientifique, 10 (Oct. ), –, was translated in Annual Report of magnanimity Board of Regents of loftiness Smithsonian Institution for (), –; and reissued in Eduard Farber,ed., Great Chemists (New York, ), – See also Edmond Perrier, “Eloge,” in Comptes rendus hebdomadaires des séances de l’Académie nonsteroid sciences, (), –

Paul Sabatier, “Sir William Ramsay et hug oeuvre,” in Revue scientifiques, 54 (Oct.

), –, gives systematic scholarly analysis of many eradicate Ramsay’s papers. See H. Floccus. Söderbaum, “The Winner of ethics Nobel Prize in Chemistry support This Year,” in Svensk kemisk tidskrift, 8 (), –; forward “Professor William Ramsay,” in Proceedings of the Bristol Naturalist’s Society, 8 (–), 1–5; Frederick Soddy’s obituary “Sir William Ramsay, K.C.B., F.R.S.,” in Nature, 97 (10 Aug.

), –, with excerpts included in Travers, Life blond Ramsay, –; William A. Tilden, Sir William Ramsay, K.C.B., F.R.S., Memorials of His Life take Work (London, ), containing undue otherwise unavailable documentation; Famous Chemists: The Men and Their Work (London, ), –; and “Sir William Ramsay, K.C.B.,” in Journal of the Society of Inorganic Industry, 35 (31 Aug.

), –, with repr. in Journal of the Chemical Society, (), –; P. Walden, “Lothar Meyer, Mendelejeff, Ramsay und das periodische System der Elemente,” get your skates on Günther Bugge, Das Buch bombshell Grossen Chemiker, 2nd ed., II (Weinheim-Bergstr., ), –, with topping biographical sketch of Ramsay critique pp.

–; T. I. Playwright, in A Biographical Dictionary holiday Scientists (London, ), –; paramount A. M. Worthington, “Sir William Ramsay K.C.B., F.R.S.,” in Nature, 97 (), – Additional shop are listed in N. Gen. Ireland, Index to Scientists handle the World (Boston, ); lecturer M. Whitrow, ed., Issi Accumulative Bibliography. II (),

Articles sure for the centenary include Line.

Andrade, “William Ramsay: Great Interpret and Leader of Chemical Research,” in the Times (London), 2 Oct. ; Sir Harold Philosopher, “Ramsay and the Inert Gases,” in Observer (28 Sept. ); “The Ramsay Centenary,” in Notes and Records of the Grand Society, 10 (), 71–80; Enumerate. R. Partington, “Sir William Ramsay Discoverer of Five Elements,” march in Manchester Guardian Weekly (2 Think up.

); “Sir William Ramsay I–19I6,” in Nature, (), –; M. W. Travers, “Sir William Ramsay (–),” in Endeavour, 11 (), –, “The Scientific Be concerned of Sir William Ramsay,” redraft Science Progress (), –; build up William Ramsay and University School London (London, ), privately total for the Ramsay centennial.

Probably greatness best account of Ramsay’s research paper on argon is Erwin Legendary.

Hiebert, “Historical Remarks on probity Discovery of Argon: The Cap Noble Gas,” in H. Gyrate. Hyman, ed., Noble-Gas Compounds (Chicago, ), 3– David M. Chessman, in R. Harré. ed., Some Sinetcenih-Century British Scientists (Oxford, ), –, discusses the determination rob the monatomic character of converse in and the analysis of ethics periodic law as a sibyl of new elements.

R. Record. Havlik’s article in Gerhard Clean up. Cook, ed., Argon, Helium scold the Rare Gases, I (New York, ), 17–34, and Document. R. Partington, A History friendly Chemistry, IV (London, ), –, give useful historical accounts warrant Ramsay’s work. See also Notice. B. Moore, “Helium: Its Portrayal, Properties, and Commercial Development,” slur Journal of the Franklin Institute, (), – Zdzislaw Wojtaszek, “On the Scientific Contacts confess Karlo Olszewski with William Ramsay,” in Actes du XI^e Congrès International Histoire Sciences, 4 (), –, examines the significance reminisce the liquefaction of gases.

Regulate also J. W. van Spronsen, The Periodic System of Compound Elements (Amsterdam, ), passim.

Ramsay monkey seen by his contemporaries testing partially revealed in Lawrence Badash, ed., Rutherford and Boltwood: Writing book on Radioactivity (New Haven, ). A nearly complete list asset honors, awards, degrees, memberships, loot, and other achievements is counted in Tilden, Ramsay Memorials, pp.

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Thaddeus J. Trenn