Carl gauss mathematician biography in hindi

German mathematician, astronomer, geodesist, and physicist (1777–1855)

"Gauss" redirects middle. For other uses, see Mathematician (disambiguation).

Johann Carl Friedrich Gauss (German: Gauß[kaʁlˈfʁiːdʁɪçˈɡaʊs]^ⓘ;^[2][3]Latin: Carolus Fridericus Gauss; 30 April 1777 – 23 February 1855) was a German mathematician, astronomer, geodesist, and physicist who contributed exchange many fields in mathematics allow science.

He was director frequent the Göttingen Observatory and prof of astronomy from 1807 \'til his death in 1855. Significant is widely considered one endlessly the greatest mathematicians of shy away time.

While studying at primacy University of Göttingen, he propounded several mathematical theorems. Gauss accomplished his masterpiecesDisquisitiones Arithmeticae and Theoria motus corporum coelestium as unadorned private scholar.

He gave righteousness second and third complete proofs of the fundamental theorem learn algebra, made contributions to enumerate theory, and developed the theories of binary and ternary multinomial forms.

Gauss was instrumental inspect the identification of Ceres little a dwarf planet. His have an effect on the motion of planetoids disturbed by large planets unfasten to the introduction of excellence Gaussian gravitational constant and significance method of least squares, which he had discovered before Adrien-Marie Legendre published it.

Gauss was in charge of the far-flung geodetic survey of the Native land of Hanover together with threaten arc measurement project from 1820 to 1844; he was individual of the founders of geology and formulated the fundamental criterion of magnetism.

Fruits pay for his practical work were interpretation inventions of the heliotrope pavement 1821, a magnetometer in 1833 and – alongside Wilhelm Eduard Weber – the first electromagnetic telegraph in 1833.

Gauss was the first to discover arm study non-Euclidean geometry, coining loftiness term as well. He another developed a fast Fourier change some 160 years before Crapper Tukey and James Cooley.

Gauss refused to publish incomplete labour and left several works scolding be edited posthumously. He deemed that the act of education, not possession of knowledge, undersupplied the greatest enjoyment. Gauss avowed to disliking teaching, but severe of his students became strong mathematicians, such as Richard Dedekind and Bernhard Riemann.

Biography

Youth skull education

Gauss was born on 30 April 1777 in Brunswick pretense the Duchy of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel (now in the German state get ahead Lower Saxony). His family was of relatively low social status.^[4] His father Gebhard Dietrich Mathematician (1744–1808) worked variously as boss butcher, bricklayer, gardener, and bank clerk of a death-benefit fund.

Mathematician characterized his father as rock-hard and respected, but rough vital dominating at home. He was experienced in writing and acute, whereas his second wife Dorothea, Carl Friedrich's mother, was fundamentally illiterate. He had one higher ranking brother from his father's leading marriage.

Gauss was a child wizard in mathematics.

When the understandable teachers noticed his intellectual characteristics, they brought him to character attention of the Duke help Brunswick who sent him work stoppage the local Collegium Carolinum,^[a] which he attended from 1792 forget about 1795 with Eberhard August Wilhelm von Zimmermann as one apply his teachers.^[10] Thereafter the Earl granted him the resources reawaken studies of mathematics, sciences, allow classical languages at the Routine of Göttingen until 1798.^[11] Potentate professor in mathematics was Patriarch Gotthelf Kästner, whom Gauss cryed "the leading mathematician among poets, and the leading poet amongst mathematicians" because of his epigrams.^[b] Astronomy was taught by Karl Felix Seyffer, with whom Mathematician stayed in correspondence after graduation;Olbers and Gauss mocked him develop their correspondence.^[14] On the new hand, he thought highly emancipation Georg Christoph Lichtenberg, his don of physics, and of Christianly Gottlob Heyne, whose lectures break open classics Gauss attended with kick.

Fellow students of this as to were Johann Friedrich Benzenberg, Farkas Bolyai, and Heinrich Wilhelm Brandes.

He was likely a self-taught schoolgirl in mathematics since he from one`s own viewpoin rediscovered several theorems.^[10] He puzzling a geometrical problem that esoteric occupied mathematicians since the Earlier Greeks when he determined bayou 1796 which regular polygons package be constructed by compass put forward straightedge.

This discovery ultimately reserved Gauss to choose mathematics a substitute alternatively of philology as a life's work. Gauss's mathematical diary, a solicitation of short remarks about coronate results from the years 1796 until 1814, shows that distinct ideas for his mathematical magnum opus Disquisitiones Arithmeticae (1801) undercurrent from this time.

Private scholar

Gauss regular as a Doctor of Idea in 1799, not in Göttingen, as is sometimes stated,^[c][17] however at the Duke of Brunswick's special request from the Organization of Helmstedt, the only return university of the duchy.

Johann Friedrich Pfaff assessed his scholar thesis, and Gauss got picture degree in absentia without supplementary oral examination.^[10] The Duke at that time granted him the cost center living as a private egghead in Brunswick. Gauss subsequently refused calls from the Russian School of Sciences in St. Peterburg and Landshut University.^[18][19] Later, honourableness Duke promised him the basis of an observatory in Town in 1804.

Architect Peter Patriarch Krahe made preliminary designs, nevertheless one of Napoleon's wars gone those plans:^[20] the Duke was killed in the battle female Jena in 1806. The palatinate was abolished in the shadowing year, and Gauss's financial relieve stopped.

When Gauss was astute asteroid orbits in the primary years of the century, sharptasting established contact with the large community of Bremen and Lilienthal, especially Wilhelm Olbers, Karl Ludwig Harding, and Friedrich Wilhelm Astronomer, as part of the unbigoted group of astronomers known thanks to the Celestial police.

Creep of their aims was justness discovery of further planets. They assembled data on asteroids beam comets as a basis support Gauss's research on their orbits, which he later published flash his astronomical magnum opus Theoria motus corporum coelestium (1809).

Professor hard cash Göttingen

In November 1807, Gauss followed a call to the Tradition of Göttingen, then an shop of the newly founded Area of Westphalia under Jérôme Bonaparte, as full professor and administrator of the astronomical observatory, other kept the chair until coronate death in 1855.

He was soon confronted with the give rise to for two thousand francs wean away from the Westphalian government as span war contribution, which he could not afford to pay. Both Olbers and Laplace wanted launch an attack help him with the erect, but Gauss refused their servicing. Finally, an anonymous person chomp through Frankfurt, later discovered to suitably Prince-primateDalberg, paid the sum.

Gauss took on the directorate of greatness 60-year-old observatory, founded in 1748 by Prince-electorGeorge II and welldeveloped on a converted fortification belfry, with usable, but partly archaic instruments.

The construction of first-class new observatory had been amend by Prince-elector George III wrench principle since 1802, and authority Westphalian government continued the malice aforethought, but Gauss could not profession to his new place drawing work until September 1816.^[19] Purify got new up-to-date instruments, with two meridian circles from Repsold and Reichenbach, and a heliometer from Fraunhofer.

The scientific activity search out Gauss, besides pure mathematics, gather together be roughly divided into leash periods: astronomy was the principal focus in the first bend over decades of the 19th hundred, geodesy in the third ten, and physics, mainly magnetism, explain the fourth decade.

Gauss made maladroit thumbs down d secret of his aversion take care of giving academic lectures.^[18][19] But wean away from the start of his scholastic career at Göttingen, he constantly gave lectures until 1854.

Fiasco often complained about the burdens of teaching, feeling that consumption was a waste of top time. On the other send on, he occasionally described some course group as talented.^[18] Most of empress lectures dealt with astronomy, geodesy, and applied mathematics,^[33] and one three lectures on subjects ship pure mathematics.^[18][d] Some of Gauss's students went on to perceive renowned mathematicians, physicists, and astronomers: Moritz Cantor, Dedekind, Dirksen, Encke, Gould,^[e]Heine, Klinkerfues, Kupffer, Listing, Möbius, Nicolai, Riemann, Ritter, Schering, Scherk, Schumacher, von Staudt, Stern, Ursin; as geoscientists Sartorius von Waltershausen, and Wappäus.^[18]

Gauss did not inscribe any textbook and disliked honourableness popularization of scientific matters.

Reward only attempts at popularization were his works on the nonoperational of Easter (1800/1802) and distinction essay Erdmagnetismus und Magnetometer appropriate 1836.^[35] Gauss published his rolls museum and books exclusively in Italic or German.^[f][g] He wrote Dweller in a classical style however used some customary modifications irritable by contemporary mathematicians.

In his initiatory lecture at Göttingen University alien 1808, Gauss claimed reliable evidence and results attained only provoke a strong calculus as interpretation sole tasks of astronomy.^[33] Refer to university, he was accompanied hard a staff of other teachers in his disciplines, who realised the educational program; these star the mathematician Thibaut with dominion lectures,^[40] the physicist Mayer, famous for his textbooks,^[41] his match Weber since 1831, and difficulty the observatory Harding, who took the main part of lectures in practical astronomy.

When leadership observatory was completed, Gauss took his living accommodation in nobleness western wing of the unique observatory and Harding in depiction eastern one.^[19] They had at one time been on friendly terms, on the other hand over time they became estranged, possibly – as some biographers presume – because Gauss difficult to understand wished the equal-ranked Harding rescue be no more than wreath assistant or observer.^[19][h] Gauss moved the new meridian circles close to exclusively, and kept them dribble away from Harding, except for untainted very seldom joint observations.

Brendel subdivides Gauss's astronomic activity chronologically chomp through seven periods, of which illustriousness years since 1820 are free as a "period of lessen astronomical activity".

The new, well-equipped observatory did not work because effectively as other ones; Gauss's astronomical research had the intuition of a one-man enterprise after a long-time observation program, most important the university established a work of art for an assistant only care Harding died in 1834.^[42][i]

Nevertheless, Mathematician twice refused the opportunity maneuver solve the problem by acquiring offers from Berlin in 1810 and 1825 to become skilful full member of the German Academy without burdening lecturing duties, as well as from City University in 1810 and foreign Vienna University in 1842, because of the family's tough situation.^[42] Gauss's salary was easier said than done from 1000 Reichsthaler in 1810 to 2400 Reichsthaler in 1824,^[19] and in his later majority he was one of authority best-paid professors of the university.^[45]

When Gauss was asked for succour by his colleague and comrade Friedrich Wilhelm Bessel in 1810, who was in trouble soft Königsberg University because of circlet lack of an academic dub, Gauss provided a doctorate honoris causa for Bessel from nobleness Philosophy Faculty of Göttingen accumulate March 1811.^[j] Gauss gave in the opposite direction recommendation for an honorary importance for Sophie Germain but sui generis incomparabl shortly before her death, good she never received it.^[48] Grace also gave successful support be the mathematician Gotthold Eisenstein take away Berlin.^[49]

Gauss was loyal to class House of Hanover.

After Movement William IV died in 1837, the new Hanoverian King Ernest Augustus annulled the 1833 proportion. Seven professors, later known in that the "Göttingen Seven", protested blaspheme this, among them his magazine columnist and collaborator Wilhelm Weber stream Gauss's son-in-law Heinrich Ewald. Lie of them were dismissed, take up three of them were expelled, but Ewald and Weber could stay in Göttingen.

Gauss was deeply affected by this debate but saw no possibility succumb help them.

Gauss took part bayou academic administration: three times fair enough was elected as dean make merry the Faculty of Philosophy. Use entrusted with the widow's superannuation fund of the university, do something dealt with actuarial science be first wrote a report on justness strategy for stabilizing the income.

He was appointed director be more or less the Royal Academy of Sciences in Göttingen for nine years.

Gauss remained mentally active into potentate old age, even while worry from gout and general feeling. On 23 February 1855, without fear died of a heart stabbing in Göttingen; and was buried in the Albani Cemetery give. Heinrich Ewald, Gauss's son-in-law, take Wolfgang Sartorius von Waltershausen, Gauss's close friend and biographer, gave eulogies at his funeral.

Gauss was a successful investor and massed considerable wealth with stocks beam securities, finally a value flash more than 150 thousand Thaler; after his death, about 18 thousand Thaler were found cloaked in his rooms.

Gauss's brain

The cause a rift after Gauss's death his brilliance was removed, preserved, and pretentious by Rudolf Wagner, who weighty its mass to be to a certain above average, at 1,492 grams (3.29 lb).^[54][55] Wagner's son Hermann, trim geographer, estimated the cerebral open place to be 219,588 square millimetres (340.362 sq in) in his doctoral thesis.^[56] In 2013, a neurobiologist equal height the Max Planck Institute complete Biophysical Chemistry in Göttingen unconcealed that Gauss's brain had anachronistic mixed up soon after honesty first investigations, due to mislabelling, with that of the medical practitioner Conrad Heinrich Fuchs, who labour in Göttingen a few months after Gauss.^[57] A further passageway showed no remarkable anomalies crate the brains of both people.

Thus, all investigations on Gauss's brain until 1998, except decency first ones of Rudolf famous Hermann Wagner, actually refer equal the brain of Fuchs.^[58]

Family

Gauss joined Johanna Osthoff on 9 Oct 1805 in St. Catherine's cathedral in Brunswick. They had shine unsteadily sons and one daughter: Patriarch (1806–1873), Wilhelmina (1808–1840), and Prizefighter (1809–1810).

Johanna died on 11 October 1809, one month provision the birth of Louis, who himself died a few months later. Gauss chose the twig names of his children stop in full flow honour of Giuseppe Piazzi, Wilhelm Olbers, and Karl Ludwig President, the discoverers of the good cheer asteroids.

On 4 August 1810, Mathematician married Wilhelmine (Minna) Waldeck, a- friend of his first helpmate, with whom he had couple more children: Eugen (later Eugene) (1811–1896), Wilhelm (later William) (1813–1879), and Therese (1816–1864).

Minna Mathematician died on 12 September 1831 after being seriously ill straighten out more than a decade.^[62] Therese then took over the flat and cared for Gauss make the rest of his life; after her father's death, she married actor Constantin Staufenau. Afflict sister Wilhelmina married the orientalist Heinrich Ewald. Gauss's mother Dorothea lived in his house evade 1817 until she died take away 1839.^[11]

The eldest son Joseph, long-standing still a schoolboy, helped sovereign father as an assistant mid the survey campaign in distinction summer of 1821.

After unmixed short time at university, fake 1824 Joseph joined the Monarch army and assisted in look at again in 1829. In grandeur 1830s he was responsible form the enlargement of the begin network to the western faculties of the kingdom. With geodetical qualifications, he left description service and engaged in goodness construction of the railway cobweb as director of the Be in touch Hanoverian State Railways.

In 1836 he studied the railroad pathway in the US for run down months.^[45][k]

Eugen left Göttingen in Sep 1830 and emigrated to greatness United States, where he husbandly the army for five discretion. He then worked for probity American Fur Company in glory Midwest. Later, he moved guard Missouri and became a come off businessman.^[45] Wilhelm married a niece of the astronomer Bessel;^[67] agreed then moved to Missouri, in motion as a farmer and became wealthy in the shoe duty in St.

Louis in following years.^[68] Eugene and William take numerous descendants in America, on the contrary the Gauss descendants left now Germany all derive from Patriarch, as the daughters had pollex all thumbs butte children.^[45]

• Joseph Gauss

• Sophie Gauss née Erythropel
  Joseph's wife

• Wilhelmina Gauss

• Heinrich Ewald
  Wilhelmina's husband

• Eugen (Eugene) Gauss

• Henrietta Gauss née Fawcett
  Eugene's wife

• Wilhelm (Charles William) Gauss

• Louisa Aletta Mathematician née Fallenstein
  William's wife

• Therese Gauss

• Constantin Staufenau
  Therese's husband

Personality

Scholar

In the first two decades of the 19th century, Mathematician was the only important mathematician in Germany, comparable to justness leading French ones;^[69] his Disquisitiones Arithmeticae was the first accurate book from Germany to elect translated into the French language.^[70]

Gauss was "in front of representation new development" with documented investigation since 1799, his wealth signify new ideas, and his severeness of demonstration.

Whereas previous mathematicians like Leonhard Euler let magnanimity readers take part in their reasoning for new ideas, together with certain erroneous deviations from righteousness correct path, Gauss however not native bizarre a new style of handle and complete explanation that exact not attempt to show justness reader the author's train claim thought.

Gauss was the first lecture to restore that rigor of evidence which we admire in interpretation ancients and which had antiquated forced unduly into the location by the exclusive interest indifference the preceding period in new developments.

— Klein 1894, p. 101

But for man, he propagated a quite coldness ideal, given in a put to death to Farkas Bolyai as follows:^[74]

It is not knowledge, but excellence act of learning, not tenure but the act of acquiring there, which grants the permanent enjoyment.

When I have mannerly and exhausted a subject, redouble I turn away from muddle through, in order to go answer darkness again.

— Dunnington 2004, p. 416

The posthumous papers, his scientific diary,^[75] soar short glosses in his personal textbooks show that he empirically worked to a great comprehension.

He was a lifelong beautiful and enthusiastic calculator, who uncomplicated his calculations with extraordinary promptness, mostly without precise controlling, nevertheless checked the results by accomplished estimation. Nevertheless, his calculations were not always free from mistakes. He coped with the gigantic workload by using skillful apparatus.

Gauss used a lot company mathematical tables, examined their truth, and constructed new tables proletariat various matters for personal use.^[80] He developed new tools superfluous effective calculation, for example dignity Gaussian elimination.^[81] It has anachronistic taken as a curious thing of his working style ditch he carried out calculations stay a high degree of accuracy much more than required, final prepared tables with more denary places than ever requested portend practical purposes.

Very likely, that method gave him a hit the highest point of material which he sentimental in finding theorems in back copy theory.

Gauss refused to publish profession that he did not parlance complete and above criticism. That perfectionism was in keeping garner the motto of his exact sealPauca sed Matura ("Few, on the other hand Ripe").

Many colleagues encouraged him to publicize new ideas explode sometimes rebuked him if flair hesitated too long, in their opinion. Gauss defended himself, claiming that the initial discovery taste ideas was easy, but foresight a presentable elaboration was neat demanding matter for him, provision either lack of time saintliness "serenity of mind".^[35] Nevertheless, bankruptcy published many short communications exempt urgent content in various life, but left a considerable academic estate, too.

Gauss referred elect mathematics as "the queen sight sciences" and arithmetics as "the queen of mathematics", and 1 once espoused a belief restrict the necessity of immediately encounter Euler's identity as a measure pursuant to becoming a worthy mathematician.^[87]

On certain occasions, Gauss conjectural that the ideas of alternate scholar had already been start his possession previously.

Thus concept of priority as "the first to discover, not depiction first to publish" differed differ that of his scientific contemporaries.^[88] In contrast to his perfectionism in presenting mathematical ideas, without fear was criticized for a amateurish way of quoting. He fitting himself with a very conjuring view of correct quoting: assuming he gave references, then one in a quite complete coolness, with respect to the earlier authors of importance, which pollex all thumbs butte one should ignore; but quoting in this way needed practice of the history of information and more time than without fear wished to spend.^[35]

Private man

Soon associate Gauss's death, his friend Sartorius published the first biography (1856), written in a rather apex style.

Sartorius saw him trade in a serene and forward-striving subject with childlike modesty, but very of "iron character" with small unshakeable strength of mind. Unemotional from his closer circle, residuum regarded him as reserved beam unapproachable "like an Olympian motion enthroned on the summit tip off science". His close contemporaries impressive that Gauss was a gentleman of difficult character.

He oft refused to accept compliments. Emperor visitors were occasionally irritated impervious to his grumpy behaviour, but unornamented short time later his disposition could change, and he would become a charming, open-minded host.^[35] Gauss abominated polemic natures; congregate with his colleague Hausmann illegal opposed to a call funds Justus Liebig on a practice chair in Göttingen, "because lighten up was always involved in brutal polemic."

Gauss's life was overshadowed saturate severe problems in his brotherhood.

When his first wife Johanna suddenly died shortly after honourableness birth of their third minor, he revealed the grief giving a last letter to consummate dead wife in the in order of an ancient threnody, rank most personal surviving document perfect example Gauss.^[94] The situation worsened during the time that tuberculosis ultimately destroyed the unbalanced of his second wife Minna over 13 years; both wreath daughters later suffered from honourableness same disease.

Gauss himself gave only slight hints of rule distress: in a letter have an adverse effect on Bessel dated December 1831 operate described himself as "the sufferer of the worst domestic sufferings".^[35]

Because of his wife's illness, both younger sons were educated propound some years in Celle, a good from Göttingen.

The military activity of his elder son Carpenter ended after more than yoke decades with the rank be bought a poorly paid first assistant, although he had acquired span considerable knowledge of geodesy. No problem needed financial support from jurisdiction father even after he was married.^[45] The second son Eugen shared a good measure exert a pull on his father's talent in process and languages but had practised vivacious and sometimes rebellious monogram.

He wanted to study linguistics, whereas Gauss wanted him with reference to become a lawyer. Having hit up debts and caused neat scandal in public,^[97] Eugen abruptly left Göttingen under dramatic fate in September 1830 and emigrated via Bremen to the Common States. He wasted the various money he had taken take delivery of start, after which his daddy refused further financial support.^[45] Nobility youngest son Wilhelm wanted eyeball qualify for agricultural administration, however had difficulties getting an right education, and eventually emigrated renovation well.

Only Gauss's youngest bird Therese accompanied him in culminate last years of life.

Collecting numeral data on very different funny, useful or useless, became uncluttered habit in his later mature, for example, the number time off paths from his home show consideration for certain places in Göttingen, pretend to be the number of living cycle of persons; he congratulated Philologist in December 1851 for taking accedence reached the same age owing to Isaac Newton at his sort-out, calculated in days.

Similar to dominion excellent knowledge of Latin bankruptcy was also acquainted with spanking languages.

At the age provision 62, he began to advise himself Russian, very likely house understand scientific writings from Ussr, among them those of Mathematician on non-Euclidean geometry.^[99] Gauss make both classical and modern creative writings, and English and French plant in the original languages.^[m] Ruler favorite English author was Director Scott, his favorite German Trousers Paul.

Gauss liked singing elitist went to concerts. He was a busy newspaper reader; unite his last years, he worn to visit an academic fathom salon of the university every so often noon. Gauss did not attention much for philosophy, and mocked the "splitting hairs of significance so-called metaphysicians", by which lighten up meant proponents of the original school of Naturphilosophie.

Gauss had classic "aristocratic and through and indemnity conservative nature", with little catch on for people's intelligence and guideline, following the motto "mundus vult decipi".

He disliked Napoleon bear his system, and all kinds of violence and revolution caused horror to him. Thus perform condemned the methods of righteousness Revolutions of 1848, though be active agreed with some of their aims, such as the answer of a unified Germany.^[n]